Exothermic Core-Mantle Decoupling – Dzhanibekov Oscillation theory (ECDO Theory) is a series of hypotheses regarding climate change and its relationship to the dynamics of the Earth’s core, as well as geophysical, monument, artifact, and cultural oral history evidence surrounding global cataclysms. It is solely the work of its author, The Ethical Skeptic, who developed the theory from 2010 until its first hypothesis publication on February 16, 2020.

The following material presents one of three novel hypotheses, each developed by the author through decades of dedicated professional and independent research. These original hypotheses form the foundation of The Ethical Skeptic’s ECDO Theory, which is summarized in this separate summary article.

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Hypothesis Synopsis – Exothermic Core Theory of Cyclical Climate Change (TL;DR)

Recent climate change may originate from structural and exothermic phase changes in the nickel-iron core of the Earth, and not primarily from man’s activity alone. Lattice structure (phase) changes in sloughed (shed) core material releases latent kinetic energy (heat) which flows to the asthenosphere and abyssal ocean depths, thereby becoming genesis of the majority of observed climate change, greenhouse gas forcing, and long-associated geomagnetic dipole phenomena.

Science often likens the Earth to a thermos bottle when it comes to geothermal heat’s influence upon climate—yet in reality, it may indeed be a leaky one. More critically, we have scarcely explored 95% of this realm with the scientific diligence necessary to validate such a high-risk assumption. The epistemology of climate science, as it stands, relies far too heavily on speculation wrapped inside a pretense of model precision—making it more a tool of political technology than a true science.

1.  The Earth’s core undergoes extreme exothermic change – sloughing high-latent-energy hexagonal closepack (HCP or ε-iron) iron from the inner to outer core—and by equilibrium from its D” layer into the lower mantle—where it converts to liquid face centered cubic (FCC/BCC) iron plus kinetic energy (latent heat of phase transition). The outer core Geomagnetic Current-Ring weakens and Earth’s geomagnetic dipole wanders as a result. Earth’s rotation speeds up on a decadal basis from the loss in magnetic coupling from outer core to mantle. Earth’s rotational axial geographic location also changes.

2.  The exothermic heat content from this eventually reaches Earth’s asthenosphere, partly through magnetocaloric effect with the paramagnetic ε-iron core. Deep crude acyclic alkane and gas hydrate pockets are heated and accelerate fractional and volatile organic compound release into atmosphere. Methane ppms far outpace model predictions. Carbon-12-rich oceans and now-warmer tundra each spring solar warming, both release proportionally more carbon.

3.  Abyssal ocean conveyance belts pull novel heat content from small-footprint yet now much hotter contribution points exposed to the asthenosphere – and convey (not conduct, convect, nor radiate) this novel heat content through oceanic advection and upwelling systems to the surface of the ocean. Abyssal ocean currents (and consequently surface ones as well) speed up from the discrete addition of kinetic energy. Arctic and Antarctic polar ice sheets melt rapidly in winter from the bottom up. Land desiccates more quickly and wildfires erupt earlier and out-of-season, especially near heat plumes.

4.  Ocean heats atmosphere (or fails to cool it as well as it once did) much more readily than atmosphere heats ocean. This exothermic core-to-mantle equilibrium is cyclic, and can and will eventually reverse.

First Abyssal-Argo Returns Show ECDO-Theory-Predicted Heating of Abyssal Oceanic Depths

It’s not the absolute geothermal flux that matters most in climate dynamics—but the ∆T, the change in thermal forcing imparted to the ocean surface and subsurface methane/CO₂ reservoirs. If this deep ambient value has risen by even 1 W/m², that alone could account for 100% of the observed recent climate change.

The fact that temperature increases at the greatest pressures (Depths = 4300 – 5900 m) indicates a non-atmospheric energy source—a classic fingerprint for bottom-up heating, as TES’s ECDO model predicts.

If even 0.14% or less of the ocean floor exhibits 10,000 W/m² spike zones along tectonic ridges and its estimated 60,000 – 80,000 hot spots, this positions the geothermal flux to be the dominant thermodynamic driver—the ∆T gradient—of global climate change.

~ ChatGPT-4o

…[we posit] rapid mass redistributions linked to a lower mantle mineral phase transition occurring in a thermally varied area at the base of deep mantle plumes…

~ Gouranton, et al.; GRACE detection of transient mass redistributions…; Geophysical Research Letters (Aug 2025)

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The Climate Change Alternative We Ignore (to Our Peril)

Article Last Updated: 29 Aug 2025: Exothermic Core Hypothesis (ECDO) makes another in a series of successful predictions (2023 Heat Pulse). See Exhibit 4B. “Energy Gap” counterargument is debunked under “Kuhn Taxanomic Incommensurability.” Gouranton, et al. study added citing detection of core-to-mantle mass redistribution, phase change, and thermal contribution.

Kai Kornhuber, a climate scientist at Columbia University, and his colleagues recently found that, on every continent except Antarctica, certain regions showed up as mysterious hot spots, suffering repeated heat waves worse than what any model could predict or explain.

Across places where a third of humanity lives, actual daily temperature records are outpacing model predictions, according to forthcoming research from Dartmouth’s Alexander Gottlieb and Justin Mankin.

And a global jump in temperature that lasted from mid-2023 to this past June remains largely unexplained, a fact that troubles Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies…

~ The Atlantic: Climate Models Can’t Explain What’s Happening to Earth, 6 Jan 2025¹

Seismic waves suggest the planet’s solid inner core is being pulled out of shape – and it has undergone these changes over just a few decades. These changes would most likely be caused by convection in the outer core pulling magnetically at the less viscous edge of the solid inner core, or by interactions between the inner core and structures in the lower mantle…

~ New Scientist, 17 Feb 2025²

Under the specter of censorship and reprisal, true consensus cannot exist.

I read a very interesting study that a friend forwarded to me yesterday, one which piqued my interest in summarizing some of the research I have assembled over the last two decades regarding climate change. My friend forwarded me the study because he was aware of my active research concerning the increase in thermal energy content of the world’s oceans. While the study and several associated headlines were interesting (CNN: “Oceans are warming at the same rate as if five Hiroshima bombs were dropped in every second”), I found its conclusions premature, de rigueur, incomplete in critical scope, and unsound. Yes the Earth’s oceans are warming, but they are warming far too fast and asymmetrically at abyssal depths, to be explained by man’s activity alone. Such pluralistic ignorance and myopia epitomizes the entire coercive miasma surrounding current climate change science.

Yes, it is generally acknowledged by mainstream science and society at large that our planet’s oceans are heating very fast.^{3 4 5 6} The result of this warming is an increasingly unhealthy environment for our ocean’s flora, fishes, microbiota, mollusks, crustaceans, and fauna.⁷ To varying degrees, this emergent condition threatens everything which lives on planet Earth. The vast preponderance of scientists agree that we are well underway on the sixth mass, or what could be reasonably titled, Anthropocene Extinction. Much of this the result of extreme and recent climate change brought about through man’s activity.

Now before reviewing this material, I must ask two things of its prospective reader. First, before succumbing to the temptation to assign me an ‘anti-‘ label, understand that I am a proponent of addressing anthropogenic global warming as a first priority for mankind. I first adopted the ‘Venus – runaway greenhouse effect’ paradigm (applied to Earth’s climate) after reading Carl Sagan’s groundbreaking work outlined in his book, The Cosmic Connection. Since that time, I’ve worked more extensively than most inside efforts targeting mitigation of volatile organic compounds, alkanes, methane, and carbon monoxide/dioxide contribution on the part of mankind. I have conducted professional studies regarding the value chain of carbon inside the economy, and have developed businesses and worked to change markets, with a principal focus of mitigating carbon contribution by the various industries involved. My firm’s capital plans and designs for energy systems/plants never fail to include emissions carbon-scrubbing technologies. I have shared in the grave concern over human contribution to the stark rise in global temperatures now obviously underway.

Second, this is not a ‘study’ nor a true ‘article’, but rather a critical path argument – a petition under the scientific method. As such, it is a summary of my analysis, observations, and inference, all of which have developed on this issue over time. It is meant to provide a framework of sponsorship behind an idea which I have slowly formulated over two decades. This article is not a ‘claim’, in the obtuse lingo of the debunker, rather it constitutes an inferential appeal for deductive hypothesis sponsorship. A distinction taught in the philosophy of ethics and science – framed particularly for the instance where an existing enforced hypothesis is based solely upon inductive inference, and as well has recently failed several critical confirmations.^{8 9}

The sad reality is that climate science has unfortunately crossed the ethical line into becoming Syndicate Science. When anti-citizen statements such as this are made by government officials, it is time to question the powers that select the science that is approved. When the familiar Climate Clown List is the principal set of voices promoting so called ‘climate science,’ it is time to question a climate consensus that is, in reality, political, for what it truly is: fraud.

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In contrast, this petition regards a construct, a critical path of observation-to-inference which now aspires to be developed into full hypothesis. As such, this work is not posed under a pretense of residing at the level of a broad-scope scientific research effort. To do full justice inside this argument would require a great deal more research on the part of mainstream science. However, one can anticipate herein a greater depth of schema and level of sourcing recitation as compared to the standard media article. My hope is that you find this article both challenging and refreshing. Please understand that its purpose is a single hypothesis’s petition for Ockham’s Razor plurality, and not any insistence (claim) as to a single and final answer. While of course posed as an alternative, the genesis of this hypothesis does not arise from a desire to ‘deny’ anthropogenic induced climate change. Therefore, I am not a ‘climate change denier’. Do not trust anyone who mindlessly employs such weaponized pejoratives, as it is their malicious conduct which is serving to create a mistrust of climate science to begin with.

The ad hoc rescue which (as of the 2023 global ocean and land heat plumes) climate science disingenuously now calls ‘Underground Climate Change‘.

Please note as well, that the unqualified idea that ‘climate heat must be coming from under the ground’ (even if predicated upon man’s activity) alone is not a theory per se, as the notion of mere proximity bears neither mechanism, definition, parsimony, explanatory predictive power, nor test-ability – all necessary components of hypothesis.¹⁰ Exothermic Core Theory is the first actual qualified hypothesis of this nature – much of its critical path being based upon two decades of original research and investigation on the part of its sponsor.

Climate change is an ACAN Problem, meaning it has pushed experts beyond their domain of competence in terms of problem definition. Consequently, they have doubled-down on a single premature conclusion that carries significant risk.

If climate scientists obtained the wrong answer or measures on some key real world model applications, for example carbon emissions concerning the ethanol value chain, marine terminating glacial current vectors and melt rates, and the net negative impact of electric vehicles – in some cases having to be corrected by ‘outsiders’ (actual value chain experts who craft systemic models as part of their profession) – then legitimate concern is raised regarding overall methodology and competence in the field.

If what I propose here as a supplementary contributor to climate change theory begins to explain more completely what we are observing globally – then the construct will have served its purpose. Further then, it is my opinion that its core kinetic-energy-derivation argument bears soundness, salience, elegance, logical calculus, and compelling explanatory power – key prerequisites of true hypothesis. Despite its need for further development and maturation, this argument should not be ignored through our polarization over this issue politically. We need fewer children with scowling faces, fewer leftist enforcement squads, and more unbiased thinking adults addressing this challenge.

The key issue entailed inside this argument is that of observed lithosphere and hydrosphere (oceans) heat increases, and these measures far-outpacing what atmospheric carbon capture models have predicted or could serve to induce.¹¹ This is the critical path issue at hand.

Part of The Heat May Indeed Be Coming from Beneath Our Feet

During some of my agricultural and green energy work a number of peripheral observations my teams have made have begun to linger in my mind over time. They have given me pause and convinced me of the necessity to formulate and propose another idea. An idea that in my opinion fits the observation base much more elegantly, without forcing, and in more compelling fashion than simply the Omega Hypothesis of ‘man is causing it all – no need to look any further’. These notions stem as well from my time heading an exotic materials research company, and from working with several US oil exploration companies to reduce natural gas emissions. My point is, that this is an idea which requires a multi-disciplinary understanding of the physical phenomena involved.

In short, my alternative idea could be titled: ‘The Heat May in Part Be Coming from Beneath our Feet’. Its exegesis (at the end of this article), derived from a series of ten primary independent observations in order of critical path dependence and increasing inferential strength, follows:

 

Observation 1 (Inductive-Heteroductive-Introduces Plurality) – Fall to winter CO₂ rise exhibits a northern hemisphere winter solstice pause which should not exist if all ppm is generated by man alone – Covid-19 industrial shutdown served to produce two critical path heteroductive observations

The chart I developed to the right in Exhibit 1A depicts the annual normalized Keeling Curve cycling of carbon parts per million (PPM, ppm) as measured at the Earth’s northern hemisphere Mauna Loa observatory (blue bars) as compared to the annual geographic latitude position of the sun (orange sinusoidal line).^{12 13 14} One can observe the strong consumption of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere which occurs each spring and into the summer, upon the annual greening of the northern hemisphere. Take note here as to the raw power which nature and forestation in particular possess in mitigating atmospheric carbon, if left alone to do their work.¹⁵ This trend is mostly solar-photosynthesis induced as its regression matches the latitudinal declination regression of the sun each year almost exactly (the summer months in the graph). Each year however, we experience a surplus between carbon generated and the carbon which plants and algae consume (difference between the magnitude of the peak on the left and the trough on the right in blue bars) – thereby causing an annual overage in our planet’s carbon budget, if you will – a deficit which accumulates and does not go away (observable in the carbon ppm and temperature graph below).

Now consider for a moment this parallel sympathetic trend between the solar latitude (declination) and the carbon ppm mitigation effect of northern hemisphere foliage in the spring and summer Keeling Curve – and notice that this same parallel sympathetic trend is violated in the winter months for the northern hemisphere (see Exhibit 1B to the right). If one examines the right-hand side of the carbon ppm bars (15 Dec – 15 Jan), there exists a taper off (flattening of ppm slope) in Carbon contribution which occurs annually each time the sun hits its most southerly latitudes – a feature which is not a signature of economic activity, as man does not just stop producing carbon in the winter and in fact produces more carbon for heating dwellings and massive levels of travel. Rather, I propose that this flatter ppm slope stems from an annual winter-cessation in solar heating of the high northerly-latitude permafrost, tundra, and shallow oil formations (such as exist in Russia and between Alaska and Texas). Deeper geostrata, features, and biomes which are already hotter than in the past, because of some separate influence than merely solar radiation capture.¹⁶ In other words, the pace of methane and carbon emission is synced very heavily with the sun’s geographic latitude – almost exclusively. One can see this inside the graph’s carbon ppm slope differential between the winter solstice period as compared to the vernal equinox period – or what is identified in Exhibit 1A as the ‘vernal jump’. The slope in carbon ppm is clearly less, during a time when its magnitude should actually be higher. This mandates plurality on the subject.

Moreover, something in the northern latitudes of the globe responds in very sensitive ppm relationship with the rising of the sun’s geographic position across the equator moving north each northern hemisphere spring (vernal equinox jump 5 Feb – 1 Apr). A change in contribution which is significantly larger than the carbon effect imbued through man’s activity alone during that same period and the winter prior. Man does not suddenly increase his carbon output by a 2:1 ratio exactly the same week each spring (the vernal jump). One can bear witness to the strength of this natural vernal jump, which overcomes the carbon activities of mankind by far, in Exhibit 1C below. Understand that this ridiculous notion is a requisite foundational element of classic climate science. This assumption, along with a lack of addressing the winter pause, constitute flawed spades in a very tall house of cards.

Along these same lines, the Covid-19 pandemic afforded us a chance to test some of these flawed foundational notions of climate science. Two experiments in particular (1A and 1B below), offer up tantalizing observations.

   Experiment: 2020 CoV-SA2RS-2 Economic Lockdown Observation 1A

In similar perspective, let’s examine the recent global industrial shutdown which was necessitated by our Coronavirus 2019 SARS-2 pandemic. Most of Europe, Asia and North America were shut down during the March – June 2020 time frame. Demand for fossil fuels was hardest hit during that time – especially oil, which plunged 8.6% and coal 4% (averaged across the entire period – see red line in Exhibit 1C).¹⁷

During that same time frame however, the Northern Hemisphere observed its most aggressive CO₂ ppm growth in 45 years of data.¹⁸ One can observe this by means of the red dotted-line slope in Exhibit 1C to the right (21 Mar – 30 May). The coronavirus incidence and shutdown periods are marked along the timeline as well, in the form of PCR-detection arrival curves for China and the US. Most of the industrialized northern hemisphere shut down commensurate with the United States detection curve, as depicted on Exhibit 1C (and two to three weeks prior as well). Notice as well if you will, the US Energy Information Administration data on liquid fuels consumed globally for this same time period (red line on lower portion of Exhibit 1C).¹⁹ Just as our global use of fossil fuels for power, transportation, and industry hit their lowest impact-use of the coronavirus lockdown – at this very same moment in time, carbon dioxide ppm were posting a record 45-year increase (~May 15).

How does such a record CO₂ ppm increase occur during a global industrial shutdown, if it is indeed industry which is the primary source of this CO₂? In fact, how does this record CO₂ ppm increase occur during that time frame, if indeed 47% of global greenhouse gas producing economies are shut down that entire time?²⁰ A resurgence in Chinese activity (standalone 27.5% of carbon contribution) alone cannot explain this ppm rebound. The implication is of course, that another factor is playing into the release of CO₂ into the atmosphere. A factor which is highly sensitive to the sun heating our northerly landmass (67% of global landmass). Now while this heating occurs every year – one very plausible reason (among very few candidates) it is most recently ranging into higher and higher levels of unrecoverable CO₂ release, is because this solar-heated source of CO₂ (and methane?) is already hotter in its ‘winter’ than compared to previous years/decades/centuries.

Just as the entire world was burning fossil fuels at a record depressed rate
at the height of the Covid-19 Pandemic,
at that same exact time the planet ironically observed its most aggressive CO₂ ppm growth in 45 years –
right amidst the annual ‘vernal jump’.

   Experiment: 2020 CoV-SARS-2 Economic Lockdown Observation 1B

Now follow this experiment to its next inferential step. From June 2018 through to the end of 2020, humans emitted significantly lower CO₂ than in the most recent years. One can observe this in Exhibit 1D to the right which indicates lower emissions during the June 2018 through end of 2020 timeframe.²¹ As we saw in the previous Exhibit 1C in Observation 1A, this was due unequivocally to China’s reaction to something which caused it to shut down industrial activity during that 2.5-year duration. Despite this sustained exceptional lower trend in CO₂ emissions, curiously the Earth also happened to experience its hottest non-El Niño year on record in 2020.²²

This was explained away with no study nor ability to forecast whatsoever, as stemming from the following: “global shutdowns related to the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic reduced particulate air pollution in many areas, allowing more sunlight to reach the surface and producing a small but potentially significant warming effect.”²³ The credibility of climate models was severely strained with this form of ad hoc rescue. If 2.5 years of lower CO₂ emissions also causes global temperatures to rise, then what are we doing? And why did we not know that this would occur in advance? Our models should have indicated this through ergodicity, yet they did not. We are broaching pseudo-theory with such an apologetic method. A theory which quickly explains everything a posteriori without any relevant research, likely explains nothing.

At the very same time as carbon emissions were depressed (from June 2018) through the end of 2020,
the Earth experienced its hottest year on record.

Even more disconcerting, our models did not predict this
and we explained it only after the fact through ad hoc and apologetic, not deductive science.

Now combine the dynamics of these two natural experiments, 1A and 1B in your mind for a moment.

The largest rise in atmospheric carbon ppm in 45 years came right on the heels of the hottest year on record, and during the vernal equinox timeframe (for the Northern Hemisphere) – in other words, the carbon increase followed the temperature rise, maintained its normal seasonal arrival distribution, and did not precede that heat increase. Moreover, all of this occurred during a climate change activist’s dream scenario, one in which global fossil fuel consumption was down 16% (~47% in western nations, the villains in this play) – and should have produced a sizeable and measurable effect in ppm and/or temperature, neither of which manifested (except carbon ppm in China alone).

Simply because a professional has memorized the abductive, black body, and watt/m² budget – the static metrics of a system – does not mean they therefore understand that system nor its dynamics. Medical professionals labored for most of a century enforcing the false notion that obesity was simply a matter of personal caloric balance – and completely missed the entailed systemic injury. The injured stakeholders had to drag the professionals, kicking and screaming, into fully understanding their own discipline. They had modeled the human body as being analogous to an input-output black box, and not the reality of its complex and delicate endocrine system balance. Especially when victim-blaming, cartel profit, and political ideologies are at play, never be intimidated by persons spouting ‘watts per square meter’ (W/m²) figures, as if demonstrating competence through recitation of static indices. Such constitutes nothing but chest-thumping and intimidation. Systems theory demands a completely different mindset and analytical approach.

Now that you have done that, let’s proceed onward through this chain of critical-path inference regarding system dynamics.

 

Observation 2 (Inductive-Introduces Plurality) – Atmospheric CO₂ levels follow temperature rises and are accelerating – Man’s carbon-producing activity is linear and of insufficient slope to drive this

In order to understand this correlation mismatch, one must understand what is occurring in Exhibit 2A above. The two regressions – regressions of both Y-axis 1 – ΔT or global temperature anomaly and Y-axis 2 – Mauna Loa measured carbon ppm – are aligned manually and made congruent so as to remove any reference range bias. This allows the reader to make observation in perspective to a tight relationship between carbon ppm measures at the Mauna Loa NOAA observatory and the global temperature increases since 1958.^{24 25} But one must remember that this apparent tight relationship is forced by me, through an annual and necessary adjustment of the two-axis regression alignment. If I apply this same regression alignment (the straight line in the graphic to the right) to other timeframes as well, suddenly the two curves do not match up as cleanly.

However, of key note even inside this clean and annually re-aligned graphic are several observations:

• Atmospheric CO₂ levels are increasing by a power arrival function (acceleration). A power function suggests that either the underlying principle driving this CO₂ increase also features a non-linear arrival or two impelling factors or more are underway, not just one: the primary carbon motive force itself and the mechanism of impetus behind its acceleration. This because,
• Economic activity levels on the part of man are not increasing by a power law, but are linear – nor even this fast in slope. Moreover, there was no slowdown in carbon ppm trends attributable to the global economic depression from 2008 – 2012 – and there should have been one.
• Successful programs to cut fossil fuel emissions, such as China’s much lauded “decision to cut its fossil fuels emissions nearly in half (saving 2.4 million lives worldwide, including 1.5 million lives in China) from 2012 to 2018” have produced no appreciable effect on observed carbon ppms (see Exhibit 2A).²⁶
• Global temperature increases are rising linearly, while carbon ppm mole fractions appear to be forced by this metric, and not the cause of it (derivative of/dependent upon). The CO₂ relationship features a responsive, not causal, acceleration (linear anthropocentric and unacknowledged natural acceleration serving a power law acceleration). This was corroborated by specific cause-to-effect observations in Mar – Apr of 2023 (see Exhibits 7A1 and 7A2).
• There is no acceleration-to-acceleration relationship anywhere inside this relational data. There is one discrete change in temperature trend at 1965, a trend which remains linear until 2016 – yet carbon ppm are in continuous acceleration the entire time.
• Therefore, the viable mechanism of CO₂ increase is as a direct dependency/functional derivative of temperature, and not independence as a model variable (deductive proof shown in Exhibit 7A1 – Global 2023 ENSO Event).

Oddly, while the principal direction suggested by [traditional climate] models is Δln[CO2]→Δ𝑇, the explained variance is impressively low (10–15%) in this direction and impressively high (reaching 90%) in the opposite direction, Δ𝑇→Δln[CO2].

~ Koutsoyiannis et al., On Hens, Eggs, Temperatures and CO2: Causal Links in Earth’s Atmosphere, 2023

We show that the observed concentration changes not only correlate with observed temperatures, but can also quantitatively be explained, mainly in terms of the temperature dependent soil respiration.

~ Harde, Hermann, Science of Climate Change About Historical CO2-Data since 1826, 2023

In other words – global temperature increases appear to be are leading carbon ppm increases – and are not solely generated by them (See our confirming observation of this in the 2023 climate data, in Exhibit 7A1 later in this article).^{27 28} A reader kindly sent me a derivation of this relationship, which can be found by clicking here or accessing this chart. Otherwise, we would observe a mutual acceleration, which simply does not exist in the data. Atmospheric carbon certainly will also serve to increase global temperatures – however this effect appears to be drowned out by another primary temperature change impetus. In model terminology, the heat is behaving like a strong independent input variable and not a constrained-dependent output result. The point is that – another source of global heating may be evident here – and we have ignored this, possibly to our peril. This is a very critical difference in observation from most of the material I have reviewed in the media.

 

Observation 3 (Deductive-Confirms Plurality) – Ceres EBAF measures of Earth’s re-emergent albedo are higher than they should be – Indicating Earth is not CO₂-capturing as much heat as climate models require

If one insists on using average watts per square meter measures to prove out a case for a specific model of climate change which involves atmospheric carbon trapping solar radiation – then that model prediction should be confirmed by observing a commensurate reduction in the reemergent albedo of Earth as observed from space. In other words, if our atmosphere traps solar radiation at a greater rate than in the past, then quod erat demonstrandum we should observe a 100% commensurate reduction in that radiation which reemerges from Earth’s atmosphere back into space. The problem is, that we are not observing this commensurate level of albedo reduction.

A 2017 study by scientists Ned Nikolov and Karl Zeller published in the Journal of Environment Pollution and Climate Change elicits that the albedo of Earth has not diminished at a level sufficient to explain nor corroborate 100% of the GISTEMP global increase in temperatures (the data I used for the escalation graph in Observation 2 above). One can observe this comparative in Exhibit 3A to the right – rights held by and extracted from publications by Dr. Nikolov and Zeller.²⁹ While Nikolov and Zeller propose that atmospheric pressure is the actual mechanism which is primarily sensitive-causal to global temperatures – it is clear in the Ceres EBAF data that too much solar radiation is being reflected/re-expressed back into space, sufficient and necessary to explain 100% of global temperature increases via a carbon capture model.

Two voices of support have been expressed by prominent climate scientists as to this need for a new explanatory model for the excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere which cannot be explained by radiation capture models.³⁰ Nils-Axel Mörner, the retired chief of the Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics Department at Stockholm University, is among those who express support for pursuing a new model which bears explanatory power for these findings.

The paper by Nikolov and Zeller is exceptionally interesting, a big step forward, and probably a door-opener to a new ‘paradigm’.

~ Nils-Axel Mörner, the retired chief of the Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics Department at Stockholm University

Professor Philip Lloyd with the Energy Institute at South Africa’s Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) also expressed support for the idea.

Nikolov’s work is very interesting, and I think the underlying physics is sound… However, they face the question, if not carbon dioxide, what is it?

~ Philip Lloyd with the Energy Institute at South Africa’s Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Read on, and I believe that what is proposed herein stands as a reasonable case for sponsorship at to what is causing this temperature increase above and beyond what Earth albedo measures and stand-alone carbon capture impacts can substantiate.

Plurality is Now Necessary Under Ockham’s Razor

The inference to be drawn from Observations 1, 1A, 1B, 2, and 3 above supports the construct (pre-hypothesis) that something else may be driving the production of CO₂ and methane emissions into the atmosphere aside from simply man. That something else is

a. a strong independent input heat-variable which is already hotter than historical without external impetus,
b. functions independent of carbon and methane emissions, and
c. is at the same time causing the planet’s oceans to warm at a rate unachievable through man’s activity alone.

This heat is behaving like a strong independent input variable and not constrained-dependent output result. If climate heat is a constrained-dependent output, and we have sufficient grasp of its dynamics to begin to blame specific companies, peoples and countries for climate change, then our models necessarily should have predicted this 2020 temperature rise phenomenon as well. Yet our models were not successful in doing so. This is inductive (heteroductive) inference to be sure, but is also strong enough in terms of inferential merit to introduce Ockham’s Razor plurality. Something is wrong in the epistemic sauce, and the 2020 Covid-19 experiment demonstrated this in spades. We need science now, not tantrums.

The next question along such a critical path of inquiry would be, from whence does this ‘already hotter’ heat derive? We believe that the answer can be drawn as inference from the next six critical path and deductive observational elements, which follow.

 

Observation 4 (Deductive-Consilient-Introduces Critical Path) – Mean Sea Level is rising, yes – But MSL variance range is also increasing (and should not be) – Global ocean current speed has increased by 15% over that same timeframe

I took a sample of five decades of NOAA Tidal Station mean sea level (MSL) data from the tidal stations at Annapolis, Maryland, Bar Harbor, Maine and Montauk, New York.³¹ As well I ran another analysis for 52 years at NOAA’s Lewisetta, Virginia station (The reader can observe this compiled data in Exhibit 4A’s two panels to the right). I chose four geographically proximal sea and temperature monitoring stations in order to observe any common signal inside their data. But four also with sufficient variance in terrain so that constrictions from geographic coastal formations did not come into play within the MSL range data. The critical path issue involved regards the red variance-range bands surrounding the mean sea level rise in panel two, or yellow MSL Range trend line in panel one, of Exhibit 4A.

Yes, it is clear that mean sea level (MSL) is rising – and this does concern me greatly. But mean sea level ranges differently by year, based on the timing of the moon. The magnitude of this variance range itself should not increase over a mere five (nor even two) decades (and the gamut of lunar periodicity), under a simple rise-in-sea-level scenario. Yet it is. The variance range of the annual MSL is itself increasing. There exists only a very small set of possibilities by which this can occur over a large geographic region (as sampled above) – that is by a change in the position of the Moon (which we know has not occurred), a change in height (elevation) of the landmass or local ocean bottom, or by a change in local upper mantle gravitational effect upon the ocean immediately above it. Or are these indeed the only possibilities? Let’s think outside the box a little bit more.

As a sailor and navigator who is familiar with and has employed mean sea level measures for decades, the migration in this variance phenomenon bothers me enormously. One can observe in Exhibit 4A that the variance range of the annual MSL for the four monitoring stations shown has increased by 25% over five decades, with most of this change occurring during the last 20 years. This is a monumental and recent change in a factor/measure which should not change at all – or cannot change without a commensurate change in geophysics. One thing I noticed during my years of estimating tidal speeds and bridge-to-mast clearances for my various vessels, is that MSL variance is heavily related to the speed of local ocean currents. The MSL variance for the Sea of Marmara near the Bosporus Strait is going to be much greater than is that of Norfolk, Virginia for instance. What if ocean current speeds are the impetus behind this increase in MSL variance at locations where it should not change at all? A permanent increase in ocean current speed could easily cause a dilation of the MSL range. As we examine next, global ocean currents have indeed increased over the last two decades. These faster currents may well play into this observable MSL range change, a more tantalizing and deductive clue than the mere matter of sea level rise itself.

There is only one energy source in contact-proximity to the Earth’s oceans,
which can deliver enough kinetic energy to speed up all the
Earth’s ocean currents by 15% in just two decades…

and it is not the sun, and certainly not the Earth’s atmosphere.

Indeed, we find that in addition to this stark dilation in the viable range of annual Mean Sea Level comes a commensurate 15%+ rise over that same period of time, in the average speed of global ocean currents.^{32 33} Of course, it has been long established fact that the melt-off of polar ice causes ocean currents to slow, not speed up – thus the actual increase in motive energy is even higher than a 15% speed increase would suggest.³⁴

So, based on the information provided in one of the references cited above, it is insisted that the reason behind the rise in ocean current speed is the influence of wind alone, as applied in climate models and through use of linear inductive affirmation, which is the weakest form of inference in scientific methodology. However, it is important to note that this is presented as an abductive assumption in the cited study, rather than a definitive finding or outcome of research. If we disregard the relative density inertial problem of 836 to 1 (seawater vs air at sea level), according to well-established submarine sailing doctrine that has been tested over time, it is generally believed that a wind speed of 48 knots is needed to generate a surface current speed of 1 knot at a depth of 40 ft. Heck, 16 knots of wind are required to move an object floating on the water 1 knot (an object without a sail); so much more wind velocity is required in order to move the water itself. Yes, hurricanes and cyclones push ocean surges ahead of them which can move at the same speed as the depression center, but these are pressure displacement waves and not ‘currents’. In fact yes, world wind velocities are increasing on average by 15% (6.5 to 7.4 knots) over the last four decades.³⁵ In addition, all ocean currents are increasing in speed, and not just surface currents in direct communication with atmospheric inertia.³⁶ This increase in global wind speed pales in comparison to a 15% increase in ocean current speed in just half that time. Therefore, wind cannot be the driving factor in increased ocean current speed – in fact the inverse is true. This means that atmospheric winds could not possibly account for the increase in ocean current speeds, and even if they could, would only merit credit for a woeful 1% (1/2 x 1/48) of the ocean current increase in speed at most.

There exist only two factors which possess the requisite and massive motive power potential necessary to drive this observed ocean current speed increase and change in range of mean sea level, and that is geophysical and geothermal impacts to abyssal ocean conveyance currents, not atmospheric kinetic energy.

It is one thing to assume that atmospheric temperature is driving ocean temperatures (which is a 1 to 1000 heat content problem in itself), but it is another level of confirmation bias to presume that winds are driving 15% acceleration of abyssal ocean currents – immediately after discovery of this fact and based upon zero research.

Therefore, a reasonable deductive (not inductive nor affirming) contention can be made that changes in the geothermal and/or gravitational signature under the oceans, are the impetus behind both the increase in ocean current speeds, as well as the dilation of annual mean sea level variances globally. Accordingly, our process of increasing-strength inference follows that particular critical path as we proceed onward with our observation set.

A Magical Ocean Current (AMOC/AABW/SMOC) Cannot Explain Abrupt Ocean Current Kinetics nor its Thermal Expansion

Altering the speed and direction of major oceanic currents requires an extraordinary impetus—one involving massive amounts of Δ (delta) kinetic potential.

By invoking “currents” as both the subject and the explanation, contemporary climate discourse commits a fallacy of explanatory regress. It is functionally equivalent to asserting, “God did it”—substituting a physical phenomenon for a personal agent, yet offering no actual causal account.

The critical question remains: Why did multiple major oceanic currents undergo simultaneous directional and velocity changes? Why have they accelerated by approximately 15% over the past two decades (see Exhibit 4A)?

Such a transformation demands a substantial energy source—one that must be specifically identified and quantified. Instead, explanations often halt at naming phenomena like El Niño, AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation), AABW (Antarctic Bottom Water), SMOC (Southern Meridional Overturning Circulation), etc., as if these descriptors themselves constitute causes. This amounts to an ad hoc appeal to force majeure—an implicit invocation of a naturalistic deus ex machina.

Science, however, does not operate through unexplained placeholders or appeals to inscrutable systemic forces. It demands causal mechanisms grounded in measurable energy transfers, not semantic substitution.

Since the publication of this article, new evidence has emerged reinforcing the connection between exothermic (‘exothermic’ inside this article is defined along the following lines:³⁷) heat from the Earth’s core and fluctuations in ocean current speeds. This constitutes another successful prediction by the ECDO Theory itself. A direct and measurable fingerprint of this relationship is illustrated in Exhibit 4B below. This fingerprint association further then corroborates the rise in oceanic mechanical energy (kinetics) previously identified in Exhibit 4A.

Below, we observe that the abyssal ocean heat pulses, later detailed in Exhibit 7D, align precisely with increases in oceanic tidal variance—manifested as changes in current speeds—across 63 NOAA tide measurement stations.³⁸ For reasons A through C below, what I call ‘A Magical Ocean Current’ (AMOC) cannot be conveniently misused to explain the kinetic spikes that align precisely with the heat pulses identified in Exhibit 4B below.

A. Tidal Variance Surge Global Footprint Changes – These kinetics are measured across a mix of both Alaska/Pacific (1983, 1997, and 2014 pulses) as well as Atlantic (2023 pulse) observation stations.³⁹ Given the alternating effect between Pacific and Atlantic tidal variance surge arrivals, this cannot be the same established current (AMOC) producing one condition and then its opposite. This is an arrival pattern that functions independent of the AMOC model.

B. Kinetics Cannot be Concealed as Potential Energy – The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) could, at best, be stretched to account for the heat pulses shown in the bottom panel of Exhibit 4B. In fact, this is precisely what the climate change Narrative insists is happening to explain the 2023 heat pulse—notice, with zero actual research supporting the claim. The AMOC current is invoked to explain anything, everything, and nothing, all at once—the very definition of a pseudo-theory.

However, the AMOC cannot account for the kinetic variance in current speeds shown in the top panel, as this form of energy cannot be concealed through thermal energy sequestration. If these kinetics were truly derived from AMOC heat, they would have to appear in some measurable form as kinetic energy during the sequestration period. Unlike the heat-based argument, kinetic surges cannot appear to simply emerge ex nihilo.

C. Heat Pulses Are Sticky—Kinetic Surges Are Not – Finally, the upsurges and abatements in tidal variations and global ocean current speeds are sudden, distinct, perfectly aligned with the heat pulse arrival curve, non-sticky, and non-concealable—standing in stark contrast to heat, which is observed to be sticky in nature (Exhibit 4B, bottom panel). This fundamental difference indicates that kinetic surges cannot be attributed to a slow, internal process but must instead originate from an extremely volatile external kinetic source.

Therefore, there is zero possibility that these sympathetic ocean kinetic spikes originate from the AMOC current’s potential energy. This sputtering of heat pulses and kinetic surges could only have come from an external source—one far more powerful than the gradual, smooth influences of the atmosphere or sun.

Notably, the 2023 heat and mechanical energy pulse, discussed in Observation 7 later in this article, stands out in both magnitude and robustness. Crucially, it is important to recognize that carbon and methane emissions followed this heat and mechanical energy flow—not the other way around. This sequence underscores a fundamental dynamic often overlooked in mainstream climate discourse.

Commensurate with our observation of the abrupt four-week heat event of 2023 in Exhibit 4B, is a corroborative signal: a marked increase in global oceanic thermal expansion.⁴⁰ This anomalous heat pulse occurred over just four weeks—sufficient to double the historical rate of ocean water expansion.

NASA blamed the rise mostly on the expansion of ocean water as it warms, a process known as thermal expansion. In recent years, approximately two-thirds of sea level rise resulted from land-based ice melt, while one-third was due to thermal expansion. However, in 2024, this trend reversed — thermal expansion accounted for two-thirds of the rise.

~ Sudden Change in the Ocean Surprises Scientists, 13 May 2025

Crucially, this expansion reflects heating across the entire oceanic column, consistent with long-term volumetric trends—not merely the upper few centimeters, as some climate change apologists have suggested. The implication is profound: such a vast columnar and rapid increase in ocean heat content could not plausibly have originated from atmospheric or solar forcing alone. Had that much thermal energy been transferred from above, it would have produced a planetary-scale heat event perceptible across ecosystems and human infrastructure alike. We would have noticed.

Instead, the scale, timing, and uniformity of the expansion imply that the source of this thermal energy lies beneath—a geophysical input, not a surface anomaly.

 

Observation 5 (Deductive-Consilient) – The Schumann resonance banding-amplitude has ranged high – While geomagnetic moment/polarity has weakened/wandered – All highly commensurate with historical and recent global temperature increases

It is a well-established fact that the global Schumann Resonance range banding-power peak serves as a very precise indicator of global temperatures.^{41 42} Recent Schumann Resonance banding-power (not the frequencies themselves as has been errantly reported by some sources⁴³) has ranged upwards through more of the higher frequencies inside the established eight resonance harmonics (six of which manifest in the Exhibit 5A example to the right); indicating a weakening in the Earth’s magnetic moment generated from its solid core.⁴⁴

A comparison of electromagnetic and temperature data indicated that there is a link between the annual variation of the Schumann resonance intensity and the global temperature.

~ M. Sekiguchi, M. Hayakawa, et. al.; Evidence on a link between the intensity of Schumann resonance and global surface temperature; Ann. Geophys. 2006

This weakening of the Earth’s magnetic moment as indicated by the chaotic power banding in the Schumann Resonance comes commensurate with a dramatic change in the geographic location of the geomagnetic north pole.

The Earth’s geomagnetic north pole has wandered significantly in the last two to four decades. During this period, the geomagnetic north pole rate of drift accelerated to an average speed of 55 kilometers (34 miles) per year.^{45 46} One can observe this acceleration in the migration of the geomagnetic north pole in the yellow dots inside the top panel of Exhibit 5B to the right, obtained from the Nation Centers for Environmental Information of NOAA (click on image to see an enlarged version).⁴⁷ These yellow balls reflect the movement of the north geomagnetic pole just since 1973, while the remainder of the colors cover the timeframe back to 1590. This as well comes commensurate with a pronounced weakening of the Earth’s magnetic moment. As well, in the bottom panel of Exhibit 5B, one can observe how well this pole wandering matches the increase in northern hemisphere temperatures – with an inflection point for both data sets demarcated in 1973 – making this more than simply a ‘correlation’.⁴⁸

It’s well established that in modern times, the axial dipole component of Earth’s main magnetic field is decreasing by approximately 5% per century. Recently, scientists using the SWARM satellite announced that their data indicate a decay rate ten times faster, or 5% per decade.

~ Global Research; The Weakening of Earth’s Magnetic Field Has Greatly Accelerated, Could Have Apocalyptic Implications for All of Us; 12 Apr 2019

Meanwhile, the connection between the strength of the Earth’s geomagnetic moment and internal heat dynamic has recently been modeled. Some preliminary studies have indicated that, as the magnetic field strength of the Earth weakens, the kinetic potential of the outer core’s upwelling advection (and subsequent heat transfer) increases up to ten-fold.⁴⁹ This heat, provided there is a mechanism to transport it into and through the mantle, then serves to introduce a subsequent effect in terms of forcing of CO₂.

These results indicated that the increase in CO₂ and global temperatures are primarily caused by major geophysical factors, particularly the diminishing total geomagnetic field strength and increased geomagnetic activity, but not by human activities.

~ Varnes, Carniello, et al.; Quantification of the Diminishing Earth’s Magnetic Dipole Intensity and Geomagnetic Activity as the Causal Source for Global Warming within the Oceans and Atmosphere, 2016⁵⁰

While we don’t know fully what all this means in terms of global climate change, mankind can draw at the very least, the inference that substantial changes are at play in both the Earth’s inner and outer cores which serve to generate our planet’s magnetic moments. These three changes, higher Schumann banding, acceleration of geographic location as well as weakening of the Earth’s magnetic moment, run commensurate with and sensitive in dynamic to the last two decades of extreme climate change. Such changes historically have served to correlate well with global temperatures. These changes cannot be ignored as potential contributors vis-à-vis the ‘heat coming from beneath our feet’.

 

Observation 6 (Deductive-Consilient) – Earth’s rotation has been speeding up – indicating decoupling of the magnetics between the outer core and the mantle – punctuated by mass contributions from outer core L-Fe to mantle BCC-Fe which produce sudden 1-year heat plumes

Of course there has been a long-established link between Earth’s core dynamics and global temperatures.⁵² Regarding that, in one study, we had this relationship modeled to sufficiency/relevance/accuracy, science discarded core dynamics as contributory to climate change since a particular 1930’s inflection in the data. This is a mistake and grand under-appreciation of the true systemic impact of Earth core dynamics. The core bears latent material-phase energies and itself forces other carbon factors (methane, alkanes, carbon dioxide) to accelerate in their release. It cannot be simply modeled as a static black-body thermodynamic assumption, only to be then abandoned when measures feature an inflection we don’t understand (and we have anchoring bias and politics to serve). But that is exactly what science did – in one cursory assessment. This is akin to investigating a murder, but neglecting to determine the murder weapon, because we already knew the perpetrator a priori.

The researchers found that the uncorrected temperature data correlated strongly with data on movements of Earth’s core and Earth’s length of day until about 1930. They then began to diverge substantially: that is, global surface air temperatures continued to increase, but without corresponding changes in Earth’s length of day or movements of Earth’s core.”

~ 2011 NASA Study Goes to Earth’s Core for Climate Insights

The simple fact is, that the Earth’s core dynamics have changed substantially since 1930, and science abjectly refuses to examine or consider the alternative to any level of ethical diligence.

When one ignores an entire domain of systemic observation,
comprising a previously established and high-sensitivity causal mechanism,
one does not have a ‘science’.

What is clear in the chronological records of the Earth is that the outer rotational body has sped up in rotation, due to a reduction of the magnetic moment in the outer core, which in turn reduces the drag on the mantle’s rotation.⁵³

During the heat plumes identified in red in Exhibit 6B, mass is imparted from the outer core and into the mesosphere. The Earth’s outer rotational body’s angular velocity slows, while angular momentum is conserved. Both mass and kinetic energy in the form of heat, increase inside the outer rotational body, while decreasing in the inner and outer core. The total system energy of the Earth is conserved. These slowing (heat) and speeding (cool) cycles take on the form of eigenoscillations in and out of the H-layer (mid-mantle) of the Earth’s mantle.⁵⁵ From the cited S. I. Braginsky, 1993 article abstract:

Abstract: The dynamics of the stably stratified layer at the top of the core, which we call the H-layer or the hidden ocean of the core (HOC), is considered. It is shown that global axisymmetric eigenoscillations of the H-layer are possible that are similar to MAC-waves. These oscillations have periods of the order of a few decades (∼65 yr) if N ∼ 2Ω where N is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency of the H-layer and Ω is the frequency of the Earth’s rotation. H-layer oscillations can be excited by an instability mechanism that resembles baroclinic (sloping) instability, and they in turn can excite torsional oscillations (TO) in the bulk of the core. The joint action of these two oscillations provide a mechanism for the generation of the decade geomagnetic secular variations, and the associated variations in the length of day. Rough estimates of the physical parameters of the H-layer are obtained by comparison of the HOC-oscillation theory with observations. The existence of the H-layer has significant consequences for the Earth’s dynamo, that are briefly discussed.

~ S. I. Braginsky, MAC-Oscillations of the Hidden Ocean of the Core, Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity

This process of course begins with the instability of the inner core itself, a phenomenon documented through opportunistic seismic PKiKP waves (full surface-to-core-to-surface p-waves) by means of 121 repeating earthquake pairs between 1991 and 2023 in the South Sandwich Islands.

The observed physical activity suggests that the earth’s inner core’s near-surface is undergoing viscous deformation, meaning it’s changing shape and shifting at its shallow boundary. This deformation indicates a dynamic interaction between the inner and outer core. The turbulent molten outer core, long known to exist, is now observed to be disrupting its solid neighbour on a human timescale.

~ Vidale et al., Annual-scale variability in both the rotation rate and near surface of Earth’s inner core (2025)⁵⁶

Our pace of addition in leap seconds (red line in the graph above) currently is many times faster than the Earth could sustain inside its angular momentum epochally. Had the Earth been slowing at this fast a pace throughout its eons of history, the planet would have come to a rotational halt by now. So we are obviously exiting (since 1972) a kind of uber-slowing phase of outer rotational body angular velocity. In Exhibit 6C to the right, one can see the simple principle that, when the core of the Earth, which spins separately from the outer rotational body of the Earth, passes mass to the outer rotational body – that outer body slows down in its rotation (angular velocity slows, while angular momentum is conserved) – and the inner body consequently speeds up.⁵⁷ Ergo, the Earth rotates at a slower pace versus the sidereal day, as we have been for the last 50 years. The result of this is much akin to when a spinning ice skater extends their arms, and thereby slows the angular velocity of their rotation – mass added to the extremity of a rotating body serves to slow the rotation of that spinning body. That mass is being handed from the outer core of the Earth and into its lower mantle, outside of an excluding a series of Ultralow Velocity Zone (ULVZ) and Large Low-Velocity Province (LLVP) upwelled structures (core ‘sloughing mountains’) which become part of the separate outer rotational body.⁵⁸

These are perovskite (Pv – MgSiO₃) to post-perovskite (pPv) phase transition regions within the main lower mantle (mineral bridgmanite zones) that are substantially less dense and less hot as compared to the surrounding mantle (heavier Ni-Fe concentration). The mineralogical name for magnesium silicate perovskite (MgSiO₃-Pv) was first confirmed as a distinct mineral in 2014. It is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s lower mantle, espeically along the D” layer.⁵⁹ These low-density zone are positioned beneath both the African (SAC-LLVP) and Asia Pacific (PAC-LLVP) zones of importance we highlight in this study, and “bear on the history and evolution of Earth’s magnetic field, convection in the fluid outer core and heat flow into the base of the mantle” according to a study by Pang, Koper, et al. in July 2023.⁶⁰

Could mass shifts pertaining to these Ultralow Velocity Zone (ULVZ) and Large Low-Velocity Province (LLVP) structures be the impetus behind Earth’s history of geomagnetic pole shift, or even georotational pole excursion? We argue herein, that the driving impetus of both heat (latent, from former HCP or ε-iron) and mass changes (a cycling core equilibrium) ultimately stem from a reshaping of the inner core, as documented to have accelerated over the last 20 years in particular (refer back to Exhibits 4B and 5B), by means of this study: Annual-scale variability in both the rotation rate and near surface of Earth’s inner core.⁶¹

We detect an unusual gravity signal over the [African Coast/East Atlantic] in early 2007 that evolved over several months and years. Around the same time, a distinct geomagnetic jerk was observed in the same region using satellite magnetic data. Our results suggest that this gravity signal originates deep within the Earth, near the base of the mantle. We propose that it may reflect rapid mass redistributions linked to a lower mantle mineral phase transition occurring in a thermally varied area at the base of deep mantle plumes, potentially causing dynamic changes in the core-mantle boundary’s shape over a few years.

~ Gouranton, et al.; GRACE detection of transient mass redistributions…; Geophysical Research Letters (Aug 2025)⁶²

We find that the hottest lowermost mantle regions are commonly located well within the interiors of thermochemical piles (ULVZs and LLVPs) …attributed to ultradense, compositionally distinct material, melting (transitioning from HCP-NiFE to FCC/BCC-NiFE) in the hottest deep mantle [5 to 68 km above the Core Mantle Boundary].

~ McNamara, Garnero, et al.; Compositionally-distinct ultra-low velocity zones on Earth’s core-mantle boundary; Aug 2017⁶³

This added mass also serves to temporarily slow the Earth’s outer rotational sphere faster than it typically has been slowed by the moon and ocean tides throughout its history – a punctuated reversal of the trend since 1972 in each case cited in Exhibit 6B above. Changes also occured in Earth’s axis of inclination.⁶⁴ But for now, in terms of understanding climate change, it is of significant importance. We should acknowledge that the Mackey study quoted below addresses only the decadal relationship since 1972, and/or perhaps even a geomagnetic recursive effect at play between the outer core and the mantle. However, the connection between Earth’s rotation speed and global temperatures remains essential to this issue, and began to finally get notice in 2023, decades after I developed this hypothesis.⁶⁵ This relationship should have been fully pursued by climate science, and not dropped – to be replaced by a neutralizing assumption.

When, on a decadal basis, the Earth’s rotation rate increases, the Earth warms globally; when the rate decreases, the Earth cools globally.

~ Richard Mackey, The Earth’s Decadal Rotation and Climate Dynamics, Vol. 3.2, 2023

And of course, such an evolution correlates well with upper mantle activity, the point made inside Observation 8 of our critical path in argument.

What they found is that roughly every 32 years there was an uptick in the number of significant earthquakes worldwide. The team was puzzled as to the root cause of this cyclicity in earthquake rate. They compared it with a number of global historical datasets and found only one that showed a strong correlation with the uptick in earthquakes:

That correlation was to the slowing down of Earth’s rotation.

~ Forbes: Geologist Trevor Nace: Earth’s Rotation Is Mysteriously Slowing Down: Experts Predict Uptick In 2018 Earthquakes⁶⁶

Moreover, these core–mantle mass and angular momentum exchanges do not always manifest as plate boundary venting or heightened volcanism; rather, they are frequently accompanied by ghost plume events—massive releases of heat into both the lower and upper mantle. This phenomenon provides both a segue and a causal substrate for our next topic: the sudden surge in ocean sea surface temperatures observed in 2023.

Mantle plumes are columns of hot rock that rise from deep within the Earth’s mantle. These plumes are thought to transmit heat from the core-mantle boundary to the Earth’s surface, especially in areas far from tectonic plate boundaries. Mantle plumes produce magmatism through decompression melting, at temperatures that exceed (100-300 °C) those of ambient mantle. …our study suggests that [Core Mantle Boundary] heat-flux estimates should be revised upwards, with implications for thermal [climate] and core evolution models.

Our results, however, raise a further question, that has global [climate] consequences: is the Dani [SAC-LLVP] plume unique, or do similar ghost plumes exist elsewhere on Earth? …[on this issue] it is likely that the geoscientific community is only beginning to scratch the surface.

~ Pilia, S. et al. Ghost plumes hidden beneath Earth’s continents; Earth and Planetary Science (Sep 2025)⁶⁷

 

Observation 7 (Deductive-Falsifying-Consilient) – El Cuervo Blanco – Spring 2023 Global and North Atlantic Heat Plume – 48% of global ocean sea surface temperature heat content rise from 1995 to 2023 arrived in a mere 3 to 4 weeks of 2023, far too fast for the atmosphere or man to serve as the cause. Atmospheric heat content and CO₂ acceleration followed this oceanic heating, rather than preceding it. A record level Antarctic ice melt-off occurred simultaneously to this and during a record cold winter

In spring 2023, an intriguing development occurred in the measurements of world ocean sea surface temperatures. While climate inference typically follows linear induction, a rare circumstance allowed for more powerful deductive inference that spring. Normally, when the sun crosses the equator, both air and ocean temperatures reach their peak due to the direct angle of sunlight and the associated higher air temperatures. By the 2023 vernal equinox, this usual seasonal temperature peak had already been reached. However, remarkably, an additional temperature surge emerged in the ocean surface measurements, beyond the solar contribution. Over a span of 14 weeks, ocean temperatures had risen by the expected 0.4 degrees Celsius. But starting in the first week of March, they experienced another jump of 0.29 degrees Celsius within a mere 3 weeks (Exhibits 7A1 and 7A2 below). This velocity of kinetic energy gain was 4.3 times faster than what the sun and atmosphere combined could account for.

As a result of this heat plume, by July 2023 48% of the total and 73% of north Atlantic surplus sea surface specific heat content above the 1982 – 2011 mean, arrived in a mere 3 weeks of 2023 ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) activity.⁶⁸ As one may note in Exhibit 9C of Observation 9, these heat surges accrue on top of one another over time. This is a deductive-falsifying observation. The only option left, is to simply ignore it – as the average person can quickly grasp the entailed logical calculus.

What specific adjusts must be made to the Fourier’s Law (q), heat diffusion (dT/dt), and finally thermal diffusivity (specific heat transfer) (α) dynamics – that explain this much kinetic energy arriving in a mere 4 wks of 2023? The burden of proof for this falls upon modern Climate Science, and not on dissenting voices – contrary to fake skeptic shtick on the matter.

The Earth’s exothermic core stands as the sole communicating-energy source capable of generating such a large and rapid kinetic energy surge. (Reminder: ‘exothermic’ inside this article is defined along the following lines:⁶⁹)

The 2023 heat plume was above and beyond the normal seasonal peak ocean warming from the solar crossing of the equator upon the northern hemisphere’s vernal equinox. The plume’s kinetic source is the Earth’s exothermic core.⁷⁰ As well, of critical note is the fact that this temperature surge preceded the associated CO₂ surge by a full month. Moreover, notice that the Keeling Curve CO₂ peak actually DECLINED from 2022 to 2023, while the only non-cyclic increase in CO₂ for the entire period, occurred during this 3 week heat surge – a full 50% of the annual Keeling Curve Differential. This is a falsifying observation.⁷¹

Similarly, as shown in Exhibit 7A2 below, the atmospheric temperature increases observed in 2023 were driven by transient oceanic heat pulses — not the other way around.⁷² Overall, the 2023 heat dynamic observations have served to posed a significant challenge to classical climate science.

Moreover, during this same exact peak SST time period, Canada experienced a record-breaking number of wildfires and zombie fires (non-peak-season no less) along with a resulting wildlife displacement crisis.⁷⁴ While the wildfires were ostensibly driven by “human-caused climate change and global warming,” the underlying heat events had exacerbated drought conditions across the country. However curiously, from a global perspective, predominantly in the region adjacent to the north Atlantic sea surface temperature heat plume identified in the right-hand side of Exhibit 7A1 above. In addition, the fires would all break out across a large contiguous geographic range, all at the same time. This author believes that this is no accident, especially given the early and out-of-season onset of these wildfires.⁷⁵ To the date of this article, 3,063 fires have burned burned approximately 20 million acres across especially Canada’s eastern provinces and territories (see Exhibit 7B).

I was in Newfoundland in summer 2023. The ocean suddenly got super warm. Normally it is kill-you cold even in mid summer. The locals didn’t know how to react. The water was bone chilling their whole lives & suddenly in 3 weeks flat it becomes swimmable (observe in Exhibit 7A1 that this was a global phenomenon, so it was not the result of an overturning or magical ocean current).

~ Newfoundland regular visitor comments on the extreme 2023 summer⁷⁶

This SST heat plume was later confirmed by a Canadian 2-meter air temperature surge (both annotated along with the coincident wildfires in Exhibit 7B), along with an unprecedented surge in Antarctic 2-meter air temperatures which arrived over a mere 3 days in July, making July 4th 2023 the hottest air temperature day in recorded history.⁷⁷ Notice that this 2-meter air temp peak arrived well after the SST heat plume cited above.

These dramatic changes in ocean temperatures were not caused by the Tonga eruption, nor by the 2020 shipping regulations regarding sulfur dioxide emissions. These impacts were too small.

But these factors [Tonga Eruption in Dec 2021] explain, at most, a few hundredths of a degree in warming (Schoeberl, M. R. et al. Geophys. Res. Lett. 50, e2023GL104634; 2023).

…Preliminary estimates of the impact of these [SO2 Emissions Regulations in 2020] rules show a negligible effect on global mean temperatures — a change of only a few hundredths of a degree.⁷⁸

~ Gavin Schmidt, Nature: Climate models can’t explain 2023’s huge heat anomaly — we could be in uncharted territory

Indeed, there exists no thermodynamic mechanism involving the sun or Earth’s atmosphere, which can deliver this much heat content, into these two small geographic regions and globally as well, in this short amount of time. See ChatGPT’s assessment of the situtation, by clicking here.

Inferences drawn from Exhibits 7A1, 7A2, 7B, and 7C above:

1. Oceanic heat (and, a fortiori, subterranean tundra heat) precedes the corresponding atmospheric heating response by approximately 5 to 8 weeks (see Exhibit 7A2). It can thus be inferred that this process has likewise served as the dominant vector for climate warming.
2. CO₂ rises are primarily (see 50% ENSO CO₂ jump in Exhibit 7A1) caused by ENSO-style natural geothermal heat phenomenon and not solely mankind’s activity.
3. Atmospheric CO₂ rises are forced by ocean temperatures and follow the increase in sea surface temperatures, not vice-versa.
4. The 2023 Keeling CO₂ peak was actually lower than that of 2022. The only reason it ended up higher (after its normal peak timeframe) was as a result of this 3-week ENSO heat plume alone.
5. Atmospheric 2-meter air temperatures follow the increase in sea surface temperatures, not vice-versa.
6. Record setting wildfires occur out of season, and in a susceptible location coincident with an already extant SST and subsequent 2-meter air temperature surge.
7. Two comprehensive sensitivity factors show in the Keeling Curve: solar seasonal geographic latitude and ENSO geothermal heat plumes (see Exhibit 9C). These two factors describe 100% of the observed climate SST (and consequently 2-meter air temperature) dynamic.
8. Antarctic sea ice extent responds rapidly and sensitively to another factor, which is not solar or atmospheric in its origin – the 2023 response was observed in winter.
9. Therefore, an abyssal ocean heat signature must be conjectured and tested in order to fully satisfy this observation set (tabled until Observation 10 below).

Nonetheless, the bottom line is this, and it is inescapable. Such temperature-driven effects happen far too quickly (core mass shifts – see 2006 and 2016 x-Pole arcsecond shifts). Only related core activity can serve to precipitate these rather substantial kinetic energy plumes (see March – Aug 2023) into the mantle, within the observed matter of weeks. In addition, once these sudden releases of thermal energy arrive, the climate’s Sea Surface Temperature (SST) even regresses for about 15 years before the next heat pulse arrives. This very much exhibits the profile of a natural cycle, as shown in Exhibit 7D below.

If climate change models were worth their touted weight, then we should have known that this 2023 heat pulse was due to arrivein the next few years. We should have already observed the short duration (less than 4 weeks) in which this climate heat arrives. We should have known this objectively, yet we did not.

The failure of this critical test is fatal to our current paradigm of how climate and global temperatures work.

The increase in heat content of just 1% (60 ft of surface ocean) of ocean (very conservative), based upon the hypsographic taper shown in Exhibit 10B below, by 0.4°C in just 3 weeks (Exhibit 7D above), is 2.29 x 10²² joules. If this heat content had come through the atmosphere, global average temperatures would have risen by 4.5°C in a mere three weeks. Much of humanity would have perished.⁸¹

Single model runs with skill ≥75 showed that (ocean heat) shifts were 6.0 times more influential than [atmospherically-driven] trends. These findings show that the dominant warming mechanism is the sudden release of heat from the ocean rather than gradual warming in the atmosphere.⁸²

~ Jones, Evidence and Explanation for the 2023 Global Warming Anomaly.

Next we determine the average increase in global temperatures if 2.29 × 10²² joules of heat were added to the Earth’s atmosphere over a period of three weeks. The mass of the Earth’s atmosphere is approximately 5.1 × 10¹⁸ kg. The specific heat capacity of dry air is approximately 1,005 joules per kilogram per degree Celsius. Using the formula for heat transfer Q = mcΔT as we did for the ocean above, we derive an atmospheric temperature increase of 4.5°C across the globe on average. Much of the population between 60°N and 60°S latitude would have perished.[/note] In claiming that the temperature SST increase in Exhibit 7D above only exists in the first 3 mm of ocean surface, and not substantiating this by means of Argo float comparatives, one has provided the answer by means of the assumption (petitio principii). The fact that climate science is not examining this white crow temperature increase, is highly concerning.

Which of course segues well into our next topic, the increase in mantle-derived earthquake and volcanic activity globally.

1. The dependence of the carbon cycle on temperature is quite strong and indeed major increases of [CO₂] can emerge as a result of temperature rise. In other words, we show that the natural [CO₂] changes due to temperature rise are far larger (by a factor > 3) than human emissions (Appendix A.1).
2. There are processes, such as the Earth’s albedo (which is changing in time as any other characteristic of the climate system), the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the ocean heat content in the upper layer (represented by the vertically averaged temperature in the layer 0–100 m), which are potential causes of the temperature increase, unlike what is observed with [CO₂], their changes precede those of temperature (Appendix A.2, Appendix A.3 and Appendix A.4).
3. On a large timescale, the analysis of paleoclimatic data supports the primacy of the causal direction T → [CO₂], even though some controversy remains about this issue (Appendix A.5)⁸³

~ Koutsoyiannis et al., On Hens, Eggs, Temperatures and CO2: Causal Links in Earth’s Atmosphere, 2023

 

Observation 8 (Inductive-Consilient) – Recent-term rise in activity of Earth’s upper mantle in terms of deep earthquakes and volcanic activity perform commensurate with temperature increases

While we have established a link between earthquakes and the slowing of the Earth’s rotation, of course there also exists a well-established link between volcanic activity and the Earth’s climate system.⁸⁴ Both of these phenomena, earthquakes and volcanic activity pertain to activity changes in the upper mantle and especially the asthenosphere. In ‘Figure 2’ to the right and quote below come from a 2016 study by Arthur Viterito regarding an observed lockstep synchrony between magnetic dip pole movement, mid-ocean seismicity and global temperatures since 1979.⁸⁵ Recent studies on deep Earth M1+ earthquakes corroborate this trend set as well. If one wishes to understand the link between core exothermic activity and this increase in seismicity, examine the CNRS / Université Sorbonne Paris Cité simulation video clip nearer to the end of this article.

The Correlation of Seismic Activity and Recent Global Warming (CSARGW) demonstrated that increasing seismic activity in the globe’s high geothermal flux areas (HGFA) is strongly correlated with global temperatures (r=0.785) from 1979-2015. The mechanism driving this correlation is amply documented and well understood by oceanographers and seismologists.

~ Viterito A., The Correlation of Seismic Activity and Recent Global Warming. J Earth Sci Clim Change. 7: 345.

This serves to raise the question then, is global volcanism also on the rise across the entire planet (not that this would be necessary to support the argument)? The correct answer is that we do not know for sure. The tally of listed active volcanoes has grown simply because the number and geographic spread of humans on the planet have both grown substantially over the last two centuries. However, to me the Smithsonian data, a portion of which is depicted in Exhibit 8A to the right (active volcano count in green and number of eruptions in orange), does indicate a 3-to-5-fold increase in large volcanic activity since 1800. There exists however a concerted effort to downplay this putative increase in apparent large volcanism (as well as earthquakes) observed by mankind since 1800. Subjective essays which make a final claim to science of ‘No, no, no’, submitted along with masked data which screams ‘Yes, yes, yes!’. This is perhaps for good reason since the population of Earth has grown significantly in the most recent two centuries – and as a result the number of observed active volcanoes (and earthquakes) has also risen.⁸⁶ This of course does not mean that volcanism is therefore on the increase. However, it is clear that our ignorance-gulf in understanding the overall contribution entailed therein, disqualifies climate science as a true science – because we assumed the answer before assessing the entire system.

Only 20% of the seafloor (an estimated 44,000 seamounts and volcanoes) has been mapped. Seamounts can also play an important role oceanographically and have a greater influence on circulation which can help scientists better understand the uptake of heat and carbon dioxide in the ocean. Ocean upwelling due to the presence of seamounts brings valuable nutrients from the deep water to the surface.

Gevorgia, Sandwell, et al.; Global distribution and morphology of small seamounts. Earth and Space Science⁸⁷

However, I went ahead and ran my own graph on the only unbiased database I could find on the matter, which you may observe in Exhibit 8A.⁸⁸ Despite the threats and intimidation about using their data to come to a conclusion contrary to their doctrine, I believe that the Smithsonian data shows a significant increase in volcanic activity globally. Ignorance is never science, even if its enactment supports the ‘correct answer’. This is the instance wherein an Omega Hypothesis becomes ‘more important to protect than the integrity of science itself.’ We shall have to see how this trend continues and how volcanic activity has served to impact Arctic and Antarctic ice cap formations in particular.⁸⁹ I realize that this is a hot button issue employed frequently by AGW deniers, but to an ethical skeptic ignorance is never a satisfactory tactic in dealing with such rancor.

 

Observation 9 (Deductive-Critical Path) – Heat anomalies are not entropic/ambient – Rather bear recurring mantle-like cohesiveness – Heat is arising principally from ocean conveyance belts at mid-Atlantic rise and El Niño/ULVZ/LLVP thermohaline generated currents

Yes, we have good clear evidence of the increase in occurrence, patterning, and frequency of global heat anomalies. But these anomalies exhibit other signal data which we tend to ignore. These anomalies also appear to originate at the same longitude, flow like molasses eastward around the planet geographically (one can observe the video here) and tend to cluster in mutually exclusive hemispherical Europe-Asia or Africa-Asia flow patterns, which alternate and bear fluid momentum. Such signal ergodicity cannot be ethically ignored. Examine the heat anomaly patterns/flows over the past 120 years and you will observe a cohesive and slow-fluid patterning imbued inside the occurrence of these anomalies. To a systems engineer, this is a signal pattern – and provides intelligence.⁹⁰ To many other professionals it is a source of blank stares. This too is a problem.

No matter whether the heat anomaly flow is resident in the northern hemisphere or alternately the southern hemisphere, the heat anomaly itself always originates from the same longitudinal position – The Mid-Atlantic Rise: a bulge thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing upward on the oceanic crust and lithosphere.⁹¹ This construct postulates that the Mid-Atlantic Rise is pushing more than simply mantle mass. It is pushing exothermic core kinetic energy (in a temporary cycle) as well. A cycle which is both releasing heat and serving to act as a reasonable cause of all the anomalous effects observed inside this article.

Notice as well in Exhibit 9A above, that the cohesive dynamic of the temperature anomalies tends to begin in Europe and then extend into the Middle East, while at the same time a counter-sympathetic trend originates in Africa as well. In other words, when Europe heats up, Africa does not, and when the Africa heats up, Europe takes a break from its anomalies – which cannot be explained in terms of human carbon emissions. In other words, the clumping and neural feedback signals of these temperature dynamics are following a sub-signal. An influence which resides beneath both tandem phenomena.

Observe in Exhibit 9A and the supporting video linked above as well, that 32 years prior to 2019, or in 1987, this flow patterning kicked into a discrete and sudden high gear. Man’s economics and industrial output did not suddenly change in 1987 into this discrete a fashion nor magnitude. This discrete change matches the temperature average increase chart I developed in Exhibit 9D below, a chart in which temperature increases are preceding CO₂ measures and not arriving as merely the result of them. One as well in which carbon ppm are accelerating, while man’s economic activity is not. What I see inside this data is something wholly different than the 1:1000 effect which can be imparted through the heating of oceans by atmospheric contribution alone. The energy contribution involved here is several orders of magnitude greater than the speed at which our carbon is binding heat into the Earth’s atmosphere – and studies confirm this.⁹² As well, the heating of the oceans is far faster, and at the wrong depths – than can be imbued by a thin atmospheric heat content contribution.

A Case Example: The El Niño and La Niña (ENSO) Conveyance Effect

As a case example, let’s examine the heat anomaly timing resulting from the abyssal ocean conveyance belts and touchpoints in the Arctic and Antarctic.⁹³

A second mode [of deep ocean conveyance to the surface], involving deep convection in the open ocean, has also been documented [e.g., Gordon, 1991]. In 1974 when the first satellite microwave data were obtained from the Antarctic sea ice zone, a 250,000 km2 open ocean polynya was observed in the winter sea ice pack of the Weddell Sea [Carsey, 1980]. The ocean mixed layer in the polynya extended to 3000 m depth, with strong upwelling of relatively warm (with respect to the surface) deep waters, supporting an average winter surface heat flux of 136 Wm
2 [Gordon, 1982].

~ Pedro, Martin, et. al. Southern Ocean deep convection as a driver of Antarctic warming events; Geophysical Research Letters; Research Letter 10.1002/2016GL067861

Please note that ‘conveyance’, in the context employed by this article, is a system-wide cycling of a fluid’s property (kinetic energy in this case) inside an equilibrium. This definition comprises the motive energy of both vertical upwelling and downwelling, along with horizontal advection systems. The motive power of conveyance in deep, abyssal, upwelled, downwelled, and shallow ocean currents, while caused in part by convection-radiation-conduction heating and atmospheric winds, exists independent of that property (heat) which is being ‘conveyed’ (advected and upwelled/downwelled).^{94 95}

These deep ocean conveyance touchpoints serve to originate the El Niño and La Niña climatological phenomena specifically (aka El Niño southern oscillation system – ENSO). In Exhibit 9B to the right, one can observe the abyssal ocean conveyance belt effect that pulls abyssal and deep ocean conveyance (blue line) from the eastern Pacific into the highly mantle-active southerly polar latitudes, whereupon this serves to impart a heat anomaly. This heating delta T (ΔT heat anomaly) then in turn becomes El Niño as the conveyance belt turns and heads back northward and shallow (red line) along the South American coast. This dynamic system serves to generate both of these climatological variation phenomena.^{96 97}

The perceptive reader can deduce from the video provided (Exhibit 9C) that 85% of significant and persistent changes in ocean sea surface temperatures over the past 41 years can be directly attributed to the effects of El Niño and La Niña, commonly known as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Specifically, temperature trends during this period showed little overall increase, excluding during the specific highlighted El Niño events (orange shading in Exhibit 9C). These impactful shifts in temperature occurred within a relatively short span of 28 weeks throughout the entire timeframe, and notably, sea surface temperatures actually fell during all other periods (and especially the part of the cycle known as La Niña) – indicative of an absence in overriding contribution from the atmosphere. This ’15-year pulse and regression’ Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cycle was also observed in Exhibit 7D above, if you recall.

The feedback sensitivity to ENSO effects in the below dynamic is in excess of 85%. This goes beyond mere weather fluctuations therefore, and represents a key mechanism of observed climate change.

One must develop a very complicated web of casuistry, assumption in lieu of measure, and linear-inductive analytics to get around the very obvious and deductive systemic dynamic outlined in the above video (each panel extracted from University of Maine’s Climate Reanalyzer).

These results clearly demonstrate that once the ENSO impacts on temperature data are accounted for, there is no “record setting” warming to be concerned about. In fact, there is no ENSO-Adjusted warming at all.

~ Wallace, Christy, et al; On the Existence of a “Tropical Hot Spot” & The Validity of EPA’s CO2 Endangerment Finding⁹⁹

One 2018 study published at The Royal Society Publishing journal, went so far as to cite that El Niño by itself contributed approximately 25% of the entirety of the Earth’s record rise in CO₂ during its 2015/16 cycle. And while the study employed a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and appeal to ignorance in attributing the remaining 75% to man alone (there were no other oceanic climatological impacts during this time apparently), this serves to demonstrate the raw potential of geothermal contribution in the genesis of atmospheric carbon. As a necessity therefore, the ENSO system has been compartmentalized into its own subject and context, specifically to avoid the climatological implications therein. It is treated as analogous to ‘weather’ – even though it is a direct and major systemic contributor to climate change. Employing the ENSO system in such a compartmentalized context constitutes disinformation.

Importantly as well, this major heat-contribution sensitivity serves to falsify Gaussian-blind ‘watts per square meter’ (W/m²) stasis arguments.¹⁰⁰ Less than three or four percent of the Earth’s surface generated a quarter of its atmospheric carbon sensitivity within a single year of dramatic temperature increase. Should this not stand as at least a hint? See the blue line and top right red fingerprint in the ‘Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Versus Global Temperatures 1958 – 2019’ (Exhibit 9D) to the below right. I do understand however that it takes courage along with a risk of career to stand up and speak against oppression-minded politicos and their malicious social skeptics pretending to represent science. These angry fakers are a dime-a-dozen in social media and science discussion forums.

Accordingly, the map above and to the right, of deep and shallow ocean conveyance belts and their interdependence is called a Thermohaline map.¹⁰¹ In the graphic to the right one can observe that the pronounced El Niño heating and La Niña cooling effects are generated specifically by the ΔT heat anomaly which arises from that conveyance belt passing near hot Antarctic latitude mantle and volcanic activity. This is denoted as point 1 in the Thermohaline graphic. In similar fashion, points 2 and 3 just happen to reside at the Mid-Atlantic Rise heat sources which we examined earlier in this observation.

It’s 70 degrees warmer than normal in eastern Antarctica. Scientists are flabbergasted

The coldest location on the planet has experienced an episode of warm weather this week unlike any ever observed, with temperatures over the eastern Antarctic ice sheet soaring 50 to 90 degrees above normal. The warmth has smashed records and shocked scientists.

This event is completely unprecedented and upended our expectations about the Antarctic climate system.

~ Jonathan Wille, a researcher studying polar meteorology at Université Grenoble Alpes,¹⁰² (see Durack, Gleckler, et al. Dec 2018 below)

In support of this principle, an international group of researchers recently reconstructed the history of ocean warming at the gateway to the Arctic Ocean, a transition called the Fram Strait, which is situated between Greenland and Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago. What they found was that the Arctic Ocean has been warming for much longer than earlier records have suggested.¹⁰³ From the study:

Arctic Ocean Warming Began Already In Early 20th Century, Meaning Natural Factors Strongly At Play, Not CO2

When we looked at the whole 800-year timescale, our temperature and salinity records look pretty constant. But all of a sudden at the start of the 20^th century, you get this marked change in [deep ocean current fed] temperature and salinity—it really sticks out. Climate simulations generally do not reproduce this kind of warming in the Arctic Ocean, meaning there’s an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms driving Atlantification.

~ Co-lead author Dr. Tesi Tommaso from the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council in Bologna

The exchange points for conversion of an abyssal ocean current, to a shallow ocean current are indicated as the yellow dots in the Arctic and Antarctic latitudes on the Thermohaline Circulation Map above. But in reality, deep ocean currents are in immediate contact with the abyssal layer of ocean throughout the globe, so this effect can happen anywhere, and not just at the conversion points. The key is this – if anywhere along this conveyance, the blue lines are imbued with a heat anomaly, then this anomaly will carry forward to the shallow ocean currents (red lines at points 1, 2 and 3 on the Thermohaline Map). These heat anomalies (or absence thereof) then dictate specifically whether or not the planet will observe an abnormally hot or cold year relative to the average. Keep both of these principles in mind as you read further on to Observation 10 below.

Now notice that I have placed a red and blue fingerprint by each respective El Niño and La Niña phenomenon in the Thermohaline graphic above (Exshibit 8B), with red indicating a hot period and blue indicating a relative cold period. If you examine Exhibit 9D to the right, one can observe that these El Niño hot and La Niña cold periods fingerprint (not simply a correlation) exactly to the timing in global temperature peaks which we identified in Observation 2 above. In this case example it is clear that deep/abyssal ocean conveyance belt effects are driving atmospheric climate and not the other way around. Notice that the magnitude ΔT heat anomaly spread between simply the 2017 El Niño and 2019 La Niña is very pronounced. Notice further then that just four of these scale events can account for the entirety of the last 50 years of atmospheric climate change alone. Add in the same peak contributors from points 2 and 3 along the Mid-Atlantic Rise as well, and this explanatory basis becomes not merely plausible, but compelling. The evidence is clear on this, global temperatures for sea and air are not only rising fastest at the poles (our critical ocean current cooling spots), but those rise variances are more pronounced than the general global variance – indicative of a causal, not subjective profile. You probably guessed the next consilience – yes, these pole temperature surges are timed with El Niño hot and La Niña cold periods.

Just as the wind could not possibly physically drive the increase in ocean current speed, even so ambient atmospheric temperatures could not possibly drive the below observed polar temperature phenomena.

The Air Above Antarctica Just Got Very Hot Very Fast, Breaking All Previous Temperature Records¹⁰⁴

~ Newsweek, Oct 2019

Warming at the poles will soon be felt globally in rising seas, extreme weather – Arctic is heating faster than Antarctic¹⁰⁵

~ National Geographic, Dec 2019

The ice sheet covering Greenland is melting rapidly [from the bottom up] at its base and is injecting far more water and ice into the ocean than [climate models predicted], according to new research…¹⁰⁶

~ CNN, Feb 2022

Now realize of course that this flow of heat content (or lack of former rate of cooling) from the poles and into their associated ocean conveyance currents constitutes just one single example of conveyance belt impact upon global climate. There are at least 5 other similar pronounced global conveyance touchpoints we have not even taken into consideration in the graph above. It is no long stretch of conjecture therefore, and possibly even conforming to Ockham’s Razor, to consider that this case example in geothermal flow, therefore just might extrapolate to the entire planet’s climate patterns, including its climate change as well. Such an idea cannot be dismissed by a one paragraph statement from agency and little study whatsoever.

It is very possible therefore, that abyssal ocean heating bears the sensitivity effect
necessary to explain the majority of global climate change,
and that further then, carbon ppm are chasing this statistic
and may not be the sole cause of the entailed warming.

Such conjecture is not proof; however it does strongly necessitate plurality
or even falsification of many of our current paradigms.
To dismiss this, constitutes an act of ignorance on the part of mankind.

 

Observation 10 (Deductive-Critical Path) – Abyssal and deep oceans at sea bottom are absorbing excessive novel heat content per cubic kilometer of ocean (ΔT-gigajoules/km³) – A full 71% the magnitude of the hottest surface layer – This is neglected and highly critical path climate science

Finally, there is a highly probative and deductive climate observation set which we are ignoring as a science. The (primarily) abyssal layer of oceans has absorbed 70% of the heat content per cubic meter of ocean water as compared to hottest surface layer of the Earth’s oceans. This should not happen in solely a solar energy capture global warming scenario. The atmosphere does not possess an immediate and direct way to rapidly heat the abyssal layer of the ocean (although the abyssal layer does bear a mechanism to heat the atmosphere, which we shall examine next).

We begin by outlining in Exhibit 10A to the right, the well documented taper curve regarding ocean temperature progression versus ocean depth.¹⁰⁷ As one may observe, the temperature of the ocean drops off very fast from about 300 to 1000 meters in depth. Thereafter ocean temperatures follow a linear taper until the final 500 meters of abyssal depth, wherein the temperature drops to about 0 to 3^oC. This entire temperature function is called the thermocline. The first challenge to note is that most of our climate change oceanographic measures are taken only to the 2000 meter level (surface layer or grey shaded depths in Exhibit 10A to the right), leaving mankind for the most part blind as to the thermal dynamics of both the deep (2000 – 4000 m) and abyssal (4000 – 6000 m) layers of the ocean.¹⁰⁸ In Exhibit 10B below, one can see those two layers along with a calculated thermal delta T per cubic meter of ocean water.

Over 3,000 free-drifting floats have been deployed all over the ocean and each float is programmed to sink 2,000 meters down, drifting at that depth for about 10 days. The float then makes its way to the surface measuring temperature and salinity the whole time. Data is transmitted to a satellite once the float reaches the surface, so that scientists and the public have access to the state of the ocean within hours of the data collection.

~ Windows to the Universe: Temperature of Ocean Water (How Climate Scientists Monitor Ocean Temperatures and Salinity by Depth)

Now that we know the lay of the land with respect to the ‘normal’ (using the 1993 timeframe reference from the chart below) ambient ocean temperatures by depth, let’s examine the temperature anomaly by those same 250-meter size depth bands which we just employed to define the natural thermocline.

Paltry Earth-Abyssal Ocean Flux Climate Assumptions are Not Supported by the Evidence

Please note that the average depth of the world’s oceans is 3688 meters. The heat delta in the Desbruyeres study bears a much lower depth μ of 4413 meters and average of 4456 meters. If this ocean bottom heat delta had originated from the surface or surface currents, then its average would be less than the average depth of the world’s oceans, due to compartmentalization effect and abyssal current offset from ocean bottom. Instead it is far lower, and does not taper down as depths get lower, indicating a kinetic origin from below.

If we take the known percent of Earth ocean surface, which is covered by each specific depth of ocean from 0 to 6000 meters – or what is called a hypsographic curve,¹¹⁰ and then use that arrival distribution to determine the percent of total ocean water, and therefore cubic meters of ocean water as well, which exist at each band of ocean depth by 250-meter intervals, we arrive at the ocean-water-by-depth cubic volume distribution curve in the 2nd column of Exhibit 10B above. This column presents the cubic kilometers in each 250 meter-depth band of Earth’s total 1.386 x 10⁹ km³ of ocean water (totaled at the bottom of column 2).¹¹¹ This represents cubic kilometers of ocean water which exists on the entire Earth, partitioned into 250 meter bands of depth. As one can observe, each nominal ocean depth begins to represent less and less of the total percentage of Earth’s oceans as depths range into the lower abyssal (>5000 meters).

Subsequently, if we take the 2017 ΔT heat anomaly vs 1993, which was measured to be 184 zettajoules to a 2000-meter depth (the top part of the NOAA chart in Exhibit 10B),¹¹² confirm that data with the NASA data set,¹¹³ and allocate that heat content benchmarked versus the deep and abyssal layer heat ratios, to the appropriate depth band – we arrive at the ΔT for each 250m band of the surface layer of oceans. This can be observed in column 4 of Exhibit 10B, wherein the gigajoules per cubic kilometer index for the surface layer of the ocean is color highlighted by its heat content magnitude relative to the other layers (red, yellow, blue – descending). As one may ascertain from Exhibit 10B, the most shallow 250m bands in particular have warmed substantially from 1993 through 2017, as expected from climate change impacts.¹¹⁴ Accordingly, we have the placeholder for the change in heat content curve for the 0 – 2000 meter bands, and can now apply our benchmarks from the below cited studies, to arrive at the heat content for the deep and abyssal layers of ocean as well.

Thus, if we continue this exercise and employ the heat content change data which has been measured in the few studies which do address climate impacts at the deep and abyssal layers,¹¹⁵ we find a reasonable taper curve in zettajoules per cubic meter all the way to the 6000-meter depth level. This equates to a total 1993 – 2017 ΔT heat anomaly of 209 zettajoules (184 zJ + 25zJ, per Exhibit 10B) across all layers of ocean. In column 3, we show this by distributing that 209 zettajoules total, by the factor of the ocean’s natural thermocline, based upon the benchmark heat increase ratios cited in the Durack and Desbruyeres studies. This is a simple mathematical deduction, and produces a single resulting taper across all layers.

The resulting heat content increase in the deep and abyssal layers cited by the Desbruyeres study, forces an aggregate heat excess of 439,000 gigajoules per km³ mathematically, which is demarcated as the ‘Distributed Heat Anomaly’ in column 4 (and is normalized into a single 5000 m depth in column 5) of Exhibit 10B above. Indeed, the actual heat content change (ΔT) measured in the abyssal layer in particular results in a rather dramatic (even in this conservative scenario) aggregate anomaly in terms of zettajoules per cubic kilometer of deep and abyssal ocean. One can observe this in the single red-shaded high index number (in gigajoules per cubic kilometer of ocean water) on the bottom left of Exhibit 10C. Please note that, within reason, adjusting the heat content calculation used inside the middle and abyssal ocean depths, within the tolerance bands offered by the NOAA chart shown in Exhibit 10B, in no way serves to resolve the required heat anomaly shown in column 5 of Exhibit 10B. In reality, this heat anomaly is actual larger than in the scenario depicted – easily rising up to 100+% of the heat content delta of the hottest surface layer of Earth’s oceans.

The astute mathematician will note that, given the Desbruyeres study benchmark (cited in Exhibit 10B and again below), one or more abyssal super-heat anomaly bands exists in all possible interpretations of the NOAA data, and all possible hypsographic distribution scenarios.

What we are observing in this set of calculations, is that of course a heat anomaly per cubic kilometer of ocean water exists at the ocean surface (as the mere presence of this surface heat is not a differentiating factor between hypotheses); however, a pronounced and comparable heat anomaly exists at the abyssal, volcanic, and ocean trench depth bands of the Earth’s oceans. This abyssal heat content anomaly (watered down by distribution across 14 layers of sea bottom depth) of course does not just sit there. Nor is it ambient. It conveys as a belt of heat content (ΔT) inside the body of a long-extant current, rising eventually up to the surface (see Exhibit 10C). Where it renders that ancient abyssal oceanic conveyor belt less effective at cooling the ocean surface and its communicating atmosphere than it has been in the past – thereby causing a net increase in global atmospheric temperatures.

Clearly there exists an anomalous excess of heat content in the abyssal layer of ocean, in particular relative to its volume of ocean water. The fact that we are ignorant of 95+% of the heat dynamics of the ocean floor means that this factor must be examined first, before any consensus can be drawn – as it is both critical path and deductive.

The two recent deep and abyssal ocean temperature studies which we have cited in the above scenario, comment upon this very observation in the extracts immediately below. These studies corroborate the necessity to begin to examine the abyssal layer and its critical path role in possibly effecting a portion of our observable climate change acceleration.^{116 117}

Although considerable work has conclusively shown significant warming in the upper (<700 m) ocean where the bulk of historical ocean temperature measurements are found (e.g., Rhein et al., 2013, and the section above on The Observing Network), and extending down to 2,000 m during the recent Argo period, there is now a growing consensus supported by numerous studies that changes are also occurring in the deeper global ocean (>2,000 m). Based on observations below 2,000 m, it is estimated that the global ocean has accumulated heat at a rate of 33 ± 21 TW over 1991 to 2010 (Desbruyeres et al., 2016). Two-thirds of this warming is occurring between 2,000 m and 4,000 m, albeit with large uncertainty, almost entirely owing to warming in the Southern Ocean in this depth range (see Sallée, 2018, in this issue).

Below 4,000 m, the observations show a large meridional gradient in the deep warming rate, with the southernmost basins warming 10 times faster than the deep basins to the north (Figure 5A).

While the warming below 4,000 m only accounts for one-third of the total warming below 2,000 m, the regional variability is lower, leading to greater statistical certainty in the abyssal changes (4,000 m to 6,000 m; Purkey and Johnson, 2010; Desbruyeres et al., 2016; Figure 5A).

~ Durack, Gleckler, et al. Ocean Warming: From the Surface to the Deep in Observations and Models; Oceanography; 9 Dec 2018

The strongest warming rates are found in the abyssal layer (4000–6000 m), which contributes to one third of the total heat uptake with the largest contribution from the Southern and Pacific Oceans.

~ Desbruyeres, Purkey, et al. Deep and abyssal ocean warming from 35 years of repeat hydrography. Geophysical Research Letters

One should note that the Durack and Desbruyeres study authors would likely not concur with the results I have produced herein. However, neither did they normalize their data into a single depth in order to comprehend the sheer magnitude of the heat gradients they produced. Their claim identifying the atmosphere as the sole source of this increase in deep/abyssal ocean heat content is merely an a priori assumption, and is not derived from the analysis they conducted. Had they run the analysis in the manner we have above, they would have seen the significance of this anomalous heat.

In July 2024, a study was published by the journal Science Advances, which outlined the following conclusions regarding the meltoff patterns of the Antarctica ice shelves:

Changes in ocean temperature and circulation are driving mass loss from Antarctica through basal melting of floating ice shelves. Basal melt rates can vary by orders of magnitude beneath the same ice shelf and are controlled by the rate at which warm, saline water is brought into contact with the ice base. This happens when warmer, saltier water underlies colder, fresher water…

In the west, strong currents near the ice base give rise to a relatively smooth basal topography and high basal melt rates of 15 m year⁻¹. In contrast to the west, oceanographic data from central and eastern survey regions show comparatively low current speeds and meltwater concentrations.

~Anna Wåhlin et al., Swirls and scoops: Ice base melt revealed by multibeam imagery of an Antarctic ice shelf¹¹⁸

Accordingly, as one can infer from the above analysis, the issue therefore is not one of macroscopic cross-sectional transfers of ambient heat (flux in W/m²) ‘budget’ as the Cheng-Abraham study deems it, but rather one of the relative change in layer-depth total heat content per cubic kilometer of ocean water (ΔT-gigajoules/km³). The formula which should be used for this, is the very same integration employed in the Desbruyeres, Purkey study – with Q_i as the aggregate heat content delta across i layers of ocean by hypsopgraphic surface area a, summing the product of the specific heat capacity C_p, times the change in temperature θ, over the period t.

Climate science does not employ this analytical approach. In other words, what the Desbruyeres study (normalized heat content) data serves to confirm is,

Earth is indeed a black-body thermos as climate scientists contend. However, it is also a leaky one – and we have not measured nor monitored those leaks at all. We chose to assume that such leaky thermal touchpoints do not exist, and as a result fail to successfully model or explain observed ENSO-styled heat increases.

Confirmed Prediction of Abyssal Heat (2025)

Finally, the 2024–25 abyssal ocean extended-depth (4,000 – 6,000 m) Argo program floats are returning data consistent with our hypothesis. These are ambient temperature readings taken at saddle points—minimum geothermal expression zones—yet even they suggest a geothermal flux budget nearly four times greater (2.4 vs. 0.65 W/m²) than what current climate models have assumed.

Crucially, this estimate does not account for the 60,000–80,000 known hot spots and tectonic ridges—none of which are currently represented in climate model heat budgets.

It’s not the absolute geothermal flux that matters most in climate dynamics—but the ∆T, the change in thermal forcing imparted to the ocean surface and subsurface methane/CO₂ reservoirs. If this deep ambient value has risen by even 1 W/m², that alone could account for 100% of the observed recent climate change.

Even ChatGPT—no stranger to cautious framing—is emphatic about the significance of this new observational dataset.

The fact that temperature increases at the greatest pressures (Depths = 4300 – 5900 m) indicates a non-atmospheric energy source—a classic fingerprint for bottom-up heating, as TES’s ECDO model predicts.

If even 0.14% or less of the ocean floor exhibits 10,000 W/m² spike zones along tectonic ridges and its estimated 60,000 – 80,000 hot spots, this positions the geothermal flux to be the dominant thermodynamic driver—the ∆T gradient—of global climate change.

~ ChatGPT-4o

To move beyond reliance on a two datum subset of Argo Deep float data, Exhibit 10F presents a full comparative analysis of the complete 2023 Deep Argo dataset (n = 868) against the corresponding 2022 dataset (n = 892).¹¹⁹ The year 2023 coincided with a marked anomaly in sea surface temperature (SST), as detailed in Exhibit 7D. The differential thermal signature—particularly the pronounced upward inflection in the 2023 subsurface temperature gradient—indicates a volumetric heat content increase sufficient to account for, and potentially exceed, the observed 0.34°C SST surge (6.34 x 10²² Joules).¹²⁰ These findings lend quantitative support to the exothermic core hypothesis as a plausible driver of both short and medium-term oceanic thermal dynamics.

It is essential to recognize that, while the observed thermal gradient may appear small in absolute terms, the added heat in this abyssal layer is continually cycled toward the surface via localized advection currents—turning over at rates ranging from 2 to 8 cycles per year near geothermal hotspots. Although the full overturning of ocean layers occurs over millennial timescales (~500–1000 years), these high-energy, hotspot-adjacent regions exhibit significantly faster turnover.

Due to events in 2023—along with the 2024 Deep Argo discovery of significant abyssal ocean heating—climate science has resorted to increasing reliance upon a petitio principii fallacy: attributing this deepest-ocean heat accumulation, including the 2023 abyssal warming pulse, to heat exchange between Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) overturning and the atmosphere. This explanation presumes its conclusion—namely, that AABW is responsible—without offering evidentiary support and immediately upon being forced to explain a heteroductive observation.¹²¹

If the AABW current were truly the driver of such abyssal warming, then this outcome should have been anticipated long ago as a natural consequence of its modeled behavior. Instead, the 2023–2024 Deep Argo observations of abyssal ocean warming arrived entirely unexpectedly. Invoking AABW as the origin of this heat only after the fact amounts to ad hoc reasoning.

Indeed, recent studies show a pronounced concentration of heat in the abyssal layers at both poles, with thermal intensity increasing with depth and no identifiable transition zones indicative of AABW feed. Moreover, the known AABW overturning lacks the energy magnitude required to account for the sharp SST heat anomalies observed in 2023, as illustrated in Exhibit 7D.

What is clear, however, is the critical role of localized, rapid turnover: without this fast, hotspot-driven cycling, Earth would not experience short-interval ocean-atmosphere thermal exchanges such as ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) events. It is precisely this concealed dynamic that remains unresolved—and largely unacknowledged—by prevailing climate models.

Therefore, a formal refutation is in order.

A Formal Refutation in Kuhn

Climate science is critically founded upon a pseudoscientific appeal to ignorance

As a final note before introducing the schema of my hypothesis, I tend to ignore climate contentions made in terms of average and ambient heat transfer statistics in ‘watts per square meter’, lithosphere taper curves, or ambient heat transferred from the mantle by convection, radiation, and conduction. These concepts constitute merely sophomoric understandings of oceanographic thermostatic measures; approaches which ignore systems sensitivity, asymmetry, and incremental dynamics – in effect nothing more than pop-skeptic-decried ‘Mt. Stupid’ arguments in my view.

Dynamic and multivariate ΔT heat content (not ambient heat) in the Earth’s oceans transfers by means of numerous and extreme small-footprint exposures along with the fourth mode of heat transfer, ‘conveyance/advection’ ^{122 123 124} – and less by means of ambient averages and principles of high school physical science. Systems theory, feedback and incremental dynamics are not taught in high school nor even most university sciences. Accordingly, we have created a specific type of inequivalence in our evaluation of climate heat, a form of incommensurability, based upon a fatal appeal to ignorance, which collectively serve as a formal fallacy regarding the inference therein.

W/m² is an explanatory (not descriptive) index assumption; much like ‘credit ratings’ used to barter and control sovereign debt, it is a sciencey-sounding accoutrement, but in reality, not a true variable in the sense of Wittgenstein descriptive measurement.

Exothermic core, asthenosphereic, and abyssal ocean heat content constitue the single highest-sensitivity input into all climate model effects, yet this factor is addressed by an appeal to ignorance expressed in a W/m² costume. This is a Kuhn Taxonomic Incommensurability which is fatal to climate modeling logical calculus.

These two factors render climate science, by professional standards, a pseudoscience.

The Solar thermal flux ‘budget’, as the science calls it, is 238 W/m² and varies by about 0.1%, or 339.83 to 340.17 W/m², when measured at the top of the atmosphere.¹²⁵ In other words, its measure is 99.9% known across time and geographic position. In comparison, the estimated global geothermal flux of 0.087 W/m² has remained largely based on assumptions originating unchallenged from the 19^th century.^{126 127} However, this so-called ‘metric’ also varies across both time and a sea bottom which has only been mapped less than 15% to any sufficient resolution (more than simply ‘contouring’) — a 150,000% range of unknown, or .087 to 10,000 W/m². Given this domain’s complexity across multiple necessary input variables, along with the fact that its risk exposure can only skew to the positive (hotter) direction – being generous, its measure is relatively (95%+) unknown.

A similar incommensurability exists within the δ¹³C argument of mainstream climate science. By cherry‑picking a single carbon source to define the model’s input assumption, the entire model becomes an assumption itself, rather than the dynamic intelligence heuristic it is presented to be. This inductive weakness includes the ¹⁴C depletion argument as well.¹²⁸

Stuiver demonstrates that the rapid exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere means that relatively small natural imbalances in these large reservoirs can alter atmospheric isotope ratios to a degree comparable to anthropogenic inputs.

~ Stuiver, Minze. “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Reservoir Changes (1978)

Now set aside the kinetic potential of sub-seafloor and deep-crust fluid and heat communication venues¹²⁹ (referred to as ‘touch-points’ in this article) we cannot map at all, for example: sub-ocean floor deep fissures, ridges, mounts/vents, trenches, gas hyrdrate vents, and deep alkane/crude oil pockets. How much kinetic energy and heat is imparted and conveyed from such touch-points? How much carbon and methane is being released through these venues?¹³⁰

We report striking discoveries of numerous seafloor seeps of climate-reactive fluid and gases in the coastal Ross Sea, indicating this process may be a common phenomenon in the region.

~ Seabrook, Law, et al.; Antarctic seep emergence and discovery in the shallow coastal environment, 1 Oct 2025

However, much of the ocean volume remains unmonitored or sparsely sampled in space and time, and historical estimates of ocean heat content (OHC) prior to the mid-2000s are mostly limited to the upper 700 m.

~ Desbruyeres, Purkey, et al. Deep and abyssal ocean warming from 35 years of repeat hydrography. Geophysical Research Letters

Single model runs with skill ≥75 showed that [ocean heat] shifts were 6.0 times more influential than [atmospherically-driven] trends. These findings show that the dominant warming mechanism is the sudden release of heat from the ocean rather than gradual warming in the atmosphere.¹³¹

~ Jones, Evidence and Explanation for the 2023 Global Warming Anomaly.

The simple fact is that we have no idea what asymmetry is comprised inside the geothermal flux metric, to the degree of rendering this issue a 95%+ unknown. Surely we can use ‘averages’ to equate the two ‘budgets’ despite this? No, we cannot. We are faced with two distinctly different approaches to development of a metric. One is a measured model constraint (TSI/SSI) and the other is a full set of a priori defined, misfitted, and assumed-magnitude (three concatenated risks) variable inputs to the model – a contrast which serves to introduce a Kuhn Taxonomic Incommensurability.¹³² This means we have not been conducting science – but rather a specious form of Wittgenstein-Gaussian appeal to ignorance. The measures are insufficient as well in theoretical non-specific black-body (as opposed to sea floor) cross-sectional W/m² form, a methodical deescalation of the necessary ΔT-gigajoules/km³ by systemic entity.

If your critical input is an assumption, then your conclusion is also an assumption. In other words, for any given square meter cross section of theoretical sea floor, we have no idea how much heat transfer is actually occurring. Quod erat demonstrandum, climate science is an a priori guess, a political technology, and not a science.

Science tries to prove itself wrong. Technology tries to see what it can pull off.

The chart presented below outlines this shortfall in detail. Our insistence on methodology over doctrine turns the conversation from “who is right?” to “is climate science even doing science?”

Therefore, by means of principally these ten observations, along with climate science’s willful ignorance regarding geothermal flux metric asymmetry, I contend that Ockham’s Razor has been surpassed – the plurality of a new alternative explanatory climate change model is now necessary.

 

The Necessary and Elegant Alternative We Must Now Consider – Exothermic Core Cycle to Deep/Abyssal Ocean Induced Climate Change

Now with all of this observation set under our belt, let’s examine the alternative that I believe we must address – out of both ethics and precaution. This alternative is not vulnerable to the easy wave-of-the-hand single-analysis/apothegm dismissals to which so many other climate change alternatives fall prey. This does not serve to invalidate anthropogenic contribution to carbon and global temperatures by any means. But such a reality also never necessitates that mankind adopt complete ignorance either. This construct alternative can be summarized in four points.

1.  The Earth’s core undergoes extreme exothermic change – sloughing high-latent-energy hexagonal closepack (HCP or ε-iron) iron from the inner to outer core—and by equilibrium from its D” layer into the lower mantle—where it converts to liquid face centered cubic (FCC/BCC) iron plus kinetic energy (latent heat of phase transition). The outer core Geomagnetic Current-Ring weakens and Earth’s geomagnetic dipole wanders as a result. Earth’s rotation speeds up on a decadal basis from the loss in magnetic coupling from outer core to mantle. Earth’s rotational axial geographic location also changes.

2.  The exothermic heat content from this eventually reaches Earth’s asthenosphere, partly through magnetocaloric effect with the paramagnetic ε-iron core. Deep crude acyclic alkane and gas hydrate pockets are heated and accelerate fractional and volatile organic compound release into atmosphere. Methane ppms far outpace model predictions. Carbon-12-rich oceans and now-warmer tundra each spring solar warming, both release proportionally more carbon.

3.  Abyssal ocean conveyance belts pull novel heat content from small-footprint yet now much hotter contribution points exposed to the asthenosphere – and convey (not conduct, convect, nor radiate) this novel heat content through oceanic advection and upwelling systems to the surface of the ocean. Abyssal ocean currents (and consequently surface ones as well) speed up from the discrete addition of kinetic energy. Arctic and Antarctic polar ice sheets melt rapidly in winter from the bottom up. Land desiccates more quickly and wildfires erupt earlier and out-of-season, especially near heat plumes.

4.  Ocean heats atmosphere (or fails to cool it as well as it once did) much more readily than atmosphere heats ocean. This exothermic core-to-mantle equilibrium is cyclic, and can and will eventually reverse.

Please note: we speculate under this construct that, once the epsilon-lattice inner core crosses the exothermic inflection point and begins to accrete HCP NiFe once again, mantle up-convection currents diminish significantly in their kinetic and heat potential and the inner core falls/snaps very rapidly back into a fully aligned macro-HCP (a pervasive epsilon-lattice hypercrystalline structure) and state of magnetic permeability. Earth’s rotation speeds up, the magnetic dipole increases in strength, and temperatures plummet accordingly, perhaps catastrophically.¹³³

Because of the contribution of latent kinetic energy from former inner core hexagonal closepack (HCP) epsilon-lattice hypercrystalline material forcing an exit (thermodiffusion) of similar superfluid outer core material into its lower mantle (and slowing the Earth’s rotation),¹³⁴ the Earth’s asthenosphere heats up as much as 20 degrees Celsius. Most of this heat content cannot communicate with nor reach the surface of the Earth – as one will commonly be told in classic climate science ‘Watt/square meter’ literature. However, this is a grand assumption of Gaussian blindness, as some of the heat does escape the asthenosphere – and at critical heat transfer-to-conveyance points along abyssal ocean currents.

A – Ocean ridge volcanic activity is on a steady 220-year substantial increase trend. Temperature anomalies appear at the Mid-Atlantic Rise and then migrate as a fluid, eastward in an alternating southern and northern hemisphere exclusivity. Our asthenosphere touchpoints and seamounts (80% unmapped to date) deliver heat content directly into upwelling currents to the ocean surface layer.

B – Deep oil formations are heated by the asthenosphere ΔT and release volatile organic compounds and alkanes (principally methane). Methane rises faster than economic activity can substantiate (which is indeed what is occurring).¹³⁵

C – Deep and abyssal ocean solid methane traps are heated by the now warmer asthenosphere and begin to sublime into to methane gas.¹³⁶

D – Prediction: Ocean trenches are heated by the now warmer asthenosphere and subsequently heat abyssal ocean conveyance currents by 1.5 to 3.5 degrees Celsius(ΔT). Heat is not simply transferred by convection, radiation, and conduction – it is also transferred by conveyance from deep exposure points (thermal venting), to the surface by means of oceanic current advection and upwelling systems.^{137 138} These now warmer currents used to cool the atmosphere, however no longer do so as effectively. (Note summary segment quote: “Institute of Atmospheric Physics/Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, claimed the world’s oceans are warming at the same rate as if five atomic bombs were dropped into the sea every second” – most of this heat addition occurring in the abyssal depths, as we saw in the Desbruyeres, Purkey, et al. study in Observation 10 above). These advective and shear-dominated current dynamics melt marine-terminating glaciers at rates which far exceed what atmospheric models can justify.¹³⁹

E – Gas hydrate vents are heated and become more active. Heated oceans release their carbon more quickly.¹⁴⁰

F – Permafrost/Tundra/Oceans are heated and release both carbon dioxide (aka the ‘Surface Cycle’ or ‘Carbon Cycle’) and methane (Henry’s Law).¹⁴¹ These geoformations now become active during the winter months in which the sun is increasing in declination, whereas once they were not. (See: National Geographic 6 Feb 2020: The Arctic’s thawing ground is releasing a shocking amount of gasses – twice what we had thought; https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/arctic-thawing-ground-releasing-shocking-amount-dangerous-gases/)^{142 143}

G – Historic atmospheric-ocean deep/abyssal belt cooling deep convection touchpoints (Weddell Sea effect) no longer cool the atmosphere as they once did, thereby resulting in an increase in overall atmospheric temperatures.¹⁴⁴ This explains the surplus heat identified by the shortfall in Earth albedo reduction cited in Observation 3.

H – The catalytic decay of volatile organic compounds into alkanes, alkanes into methane, and finally methane into carbon dioxide – all release latent energy into the atmosphere – indirectly and catalytically heating it.

Now let’s examine how this process plays into the heat released through a temporary exothermic cycle of the Earth’s inner and outer cores.

Now of course, stepping back and looking again at the core structure of the Earth, I conjecture a scenario (albeit temporary of course) wherein the latent energy bound up in the hexagonal closepack (HCP) iron lattice of the Earth’s core NiFe (Nickel-Iron) material,¹⁴⁵ is converted to heat energy upon that mass’s communication up into the lower mantle of the outer rotational body of the Earth. This HCP lattice of iron converts into a face centered cubic (FCC/BCC) lattice of iron (see phase diagram at lower left-hand side of Exhibit C above – ΔT or ‘Delta T’ boundary) and a bevy of heat (ΔT) wound up in the incumbent latent energy release.

IPGP/CNRS Study and Simulation Notes

Below one can see a simulation developed by Nathanaël Schaeffer and his team at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (CNRS / Université Sorbonne Paris Cité)¹⁴⁶. The simulation entailed demonstrates one conjectured flow of outer core material generated by heat released from the Earth’s HCP Core, and how that dynamic might serve to convey observed heat to the mantle, in the mantle itself, and further then to the asthenosphere and surface of the Earth. Shaeffer quotes “[To date] computers [have not allowed] us to produce very accurate simulations of the Earth’s core. We [have had] to settle for approximations. Our simulation used up to 16000 interconnected computer processors that simultaneously shared the mass of calculations. So it took under a year to calculate what would have taken 250 years by a single computer.”¹⁴⁷

Key elements to note with regard to the 2017 IPGP/CNRS simulation depicted below:¹⁴⁸

1. Outer Core Cycling – Outer core material plumes exhibit low viscosity and move much faster than we had assumed, with an estimated IPGP/CNRS Cycle of around as little as 2 to 4 years from inner core to mesosphere (one cycle in the decadal IPGP/CNRS simulation below). This hypothesis assumes that a similar effect is replicated in the mesosphere as well.
2. Mantle Conduction Lag – Outer core released kinetic energy moves through the mesosphere far faster than does the physical mantle material itself. Whilte the distance to be traversed is 1,790 miles, this can easily be overcome through the carry rate of the magnetocaloric effect in a closed system (ε-iron paramagnetic core gets ‘colder,’ mantle gets hotter). In order to resolve the observations suggested in Exhibit 6B for instance, the ΔT kinetic energy (remember, the mesosphere is an electrical conductor-resistor in an exotic material state, and is not simply a cold hunk of Fourier-iron conducting heat. This kinetic energy transfer effect involves both electrical as well as classic heat transfer dynamics) would need to traverse the mantle at a net 270 – 300 ft per hour, or around 5 ft/min through flows of electrical conduction-to-resistance, radiation, convection, and classic heat conduction by means of, only in part, Fourier’s law.¹⁴⁹ This is well within the realm of physical feasibility in a high-pressure, spherical, high KE, energized molten-Bravais/free-electron environment.^{150 151} However, it should also be noted that this hypothesis does not critically depend upon a specific velocity of heat transfer from inner core to hydrosphere.
3. Heat plumes bear the potential of enormous variances in their ΔT content.
4. Heat content inside the outer core (and by inference, mantle) is fed by ‘geostrophic jets’ of HCP—>BCC/FCC energized NiFe materials being ejected from the outer core.
5. This process will likely bear a cyclic nature to it, as it is constantly changing.
6. The Schaeffer study cited that, as the magnetic field strength of the Earth weakens, the kinetic potential of the upwelling advection in the outer core increases up to ten-fold.¹⁵²

Inner/Outer Core Equilibrium HCP => FCC/BCC + KE Sloughing

This IPGP/CNRS simulation exhibits a cross-sectional slice of the Earth at its Equator. The red plumes are outer core heat+ anomalies above ambient level shown in blue. The white circle at the center represents the inner core of the Earth. The jets of heat originate from the inner core/outer core (IC/OC) transition boundary from solid-HCP eruptive sloughing into the liquid metal matrix of the outer core.

The geomagnetic ring-current (957–1595 km, mean 1276 km) centers just past the inner core/outer core boundary (1220 km). The ring-current intensity depends critically upon stable shear and toroidal flow geometry at the base of the liquid outer core. If inner core exothermic release is gradual → it fuels convection, reinforces the ring geometry, and strengthens Earth’s geomagnetic field. If however, exothermic release is pulsed or intense (as with the pulsed-SST heat surges we observed in 2023, see Exhibit 7D) → it disrupts symmetry, shears the columns, and weakens field ordering, even if total kinetic energy is higher.¹⁵³

Therefore, geothermal heat and geomagentic field strength exist in an inversely proportional relationship.

This heat proceeds through magentocaloric effect, into to the mesosphere, where the heat is conveyed by deep/abyssal ocean current touchpoints, and into our atmosphere.

Notice in this decadal simulation, the concentrations of heat and uneven distribution of heat arrival to the mantle of the Earth through jet-like channels of conveyance stimulated from inner core heat.¹⁵⁴ The incipience of these jets involves the L-HCP-sloughing which I am referencing in this construct (backed by the change in leap seconds shown in Observation 6). Moreover, remember that the core of the Earth is rotating at a different speed than is Earth’s outer rotational body¹⁵⁵ – and you have a sound impetus as to the Thermohaline Cycles 1 and 2 patterns cited in Observation 9 above. Therefore, using this model of heat-conveyance communication from the Earth’s outer core and to its asthenosphere, I propose a continuation of this construct: that inner core-mantle interaction dynamics feed this surface heating as follows:

1. Earth’s inner core goes into an exothermic/exomaterial sloughing cycle. Earth’s M-field is generated by the macro-alignment of the hexagonal close-packed (HCP or ε-iron) anisotropic lattice c-axis microstructure in the inner core as shown below (not thermal convection of outer core material). Disruptions in the plasmolid (plasma-solid) core can weaken or oblique the geomagnetic M-field, sacrificing integrity of the core crystal itself, especially in ‘spongy’ regions and at its boundary with the outer core.

2. Inner core contributes solid hexagonal closepack (HCP or epsilon-iron, ‘ε-iron’) iron material to outer core across the Solid-HCP to Liquid-HCP or BCC/FCC (δ-delta, γ-gamma, α-alpha) boundary. The resulting reshaping of the inner core is documented in this study: Annual-scale variability in both the rotation rate and near surface of Earth’s inner core¹⁵⁶ At the Delta T (ΔT) boundary between the Earth’s inner and outer core, iron snaps from an L-HCP to L-FCC/BCC Bravais lattice at specific jet-points shown in the IPGP/CNRS simulation above, and releases: massive latent KE – kinetic energy in the forms of electrical energy (electrons – number of sprites, booms and clear weather lightning incidents rise) and most importantly, heat. This principle is depicted in Exhibit D to the right.

3. As a result, the magnetic permeability of the Earth’s inner core falls – Earth’s magnetic field weakens, geo-magnetic north and magnetic north begin to wander in position – Schumann Resonance ranges into higher and higher amplitude power-bands (which correlates historically with higher global temperatures).

4. Outer core becomes exothermic/exomaterial and distributes (thermodiffusion) L-HCP/BCC/FCC iron into the lower mantle.^{157 158} Changes occur in the rotational speed and axis of inclination of the Earth.¹⁵⁹

5. Mantle heats up, partially through magnetocaloric effect dynamics with the paramagnetic core, and in turn heats the asthenosphere by up to 20^o C. 1.5 to 3.5 degrees of this heat escapes the asthenosphere and into the deep/abyssal ocean conveyance belts (heats ocean much faster than can the atmosphere). This heat transfer process takes about 2 to 4 years to unfold (IPGP/CNRS Note 2, above).

6. Asthenosphere heats ocean conveyance belts by volcanic vents, abyssal troughs, and other touchpoints in deep/abyssal ocean. Ocean conveyance belts speed up from the added kinetic energy-forcing. Heat specifically impacts deep/abyssal ocean (cold) conveyance belts by raising their temperature slightly. This heat content is conveyed to the surface over the next decade of flow and is not imparted to abyssal ocean ambient temperature.

7. Abyssal ocean conveyance heats atmosphere by conveying kinetic energy in the form of added heat – and not through radiation, convection nor conduction.

8. Added heat from asthenosphere becomes genesis of novel volatile organic compounds, methane and other alkanes—from gas hydrate vents and heating of deep oil formations and the northern hemisphere’s permafrost and tundra.

9. Each spring as the Sun’s geographic position crosses the Vernal Equinox for the Northern Hemisphere, the ‘already warmer’ permafrost and tundra release proportionately even more VOC’s, decay and crude methane (carbon-12 rich) and carbon dioxide (carbon-12 rich)¹⁶⁰ than they did in the past. This produces the same carbon-13 to carbon-12 incrementally-reducing ratio as does the burning of fossil fuels on the part of mankind. This also resolves the mystery as to why methane increases are far outpacing what climate models have predicted.¹⁶¹

10. The above sets of deductive inference identify therefore, China and flux in the Earth’s Core as the two principal contributors to current climate change. All other factors and nations compose less than 5% of the total contribution. Hence, the peril in ignorance we have placed ourselves into, through not pursuing actual science on the matter, and rather, following political agency only.

Finally, I contend that this model elegantly and with ample explanatory power, addresses what we indeed see with respect to global climate change today.

Such is the state of the construct I have developed. In no way will the simple act of pondering this idea of course sway me from participating in global action regarding climate change. But neither will I conduct my activity from a position of willful ignorance.

The Ethical Skeptic, “The Climate Change Alternative We Ignore (to Our Peril)”; The Ethical Skeptic, WordPress, 16 Feb 2020; Web, https://theethicalskeptic.com/2020/02/16/the-climate-change-alternative-we-ignore-to-our-peril/

1. Zoë Schlanger; The Atlantic: Climate Models Can’t Explain What’s Happening to Earth – Global warming is moving faster than the best models can keep a handle on; 6 Jan 2025; https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2025/01/climate-models-earth/681207/
2. James Dinneen; New Scientist: Forces deep underground seem to be deforming Earth’s inner core; 17 Feb 2025; https://www.newscientist.com/article/2467491-forces-deep-underground-seem-to-be-deforming-earths-inner-core/#Echobox=1739807023
3. Penny Starr; Breitbart News: Politics: Study: Oceans Heating up Like ‘3.6 Billion Hiroshima Atom-Bomb Explosions’; 15 Jan 2020; https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2020/01/15/study-oceans-heating-up-like-3-6-billion-hiroshima-atom-bomb-explosions/
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15. Popkin, Gabriel; Forests Emerge as a Major Overlooked Climate Factor; Quanta Magazine, 9 Oct 2018; https://getpocket.com/explore/item/forests-emerge-as-a-major-overlooked-climate-factor?utm_source=pocket-newtab
16. Hellevang et al.; “Formation of giant Siberian gas emission craters (GECs).” Science of the Total Environment, 15 September 2025; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969725016821
17. IEA (2021), Global Energy Review: CO2 Emissions in 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/articles/global-energy-review-co2-emissions-in-2020
18. Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/GML (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/)
19. US Energy Information Administration: Short-term Energy Outlook: Global Liquid Fuels; https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/report/global_oil.php
20. Wikipedia: List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions
21. Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/GML (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/)
22. Andrea Thompson; Scientific American; NASA Says 2020 Tied for Hottest Year on Record; 14 Jan 2021; https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/2020-will-rival-2016-for-hottest-year-on-record/
23. NASA; 2020 Tied for Warmest Year on Record, NASA Analysis Shows; 14 Jan 2021; https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3061/2020-tied-for-warmest-year-on-record-nasa-analysis-shows/
24. CO2 Level Measures – Flask: Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, NOAA ESRL Data FTP Download: ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/data/trace_gases/co2/flask/surface/co2_mlo_surface-flask_1_ccgg_month.txt
25. Global Temperature Data: GISTEMP Team, 2019:GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP v4). NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2019-07-27 at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/; HTML Download
26. Leah Burrows; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences: “Deaths from fossil fuel emissions higher than previously thought”; 9 Feb 2021; https://seas.harvard.edu/news/2021/02/deaths-fossil-fuel-emissions-higher-previously-thought#
27. Harde, Hermann. (2023). Science of Climate Change About Historical CO2-Data since 1826: Explanation of the Peak around 1940. 10.53234/scc202304/21.
28. Koutsoyiannis D, Onof C, Kundzewicz ZW, Christofides A. On Hens, Eggs, Temperatures and CO2: Causal Links in Earth’s Atmosphere. Sci. 2023; 5(3):35. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5030035
29. Nikolov and Zeller; New Insights on the Physical Nature of the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Deduced from an Empirical Planetary Temperature Model; Environ Pollut Climate Change 2017, 1:2; https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/New-Insights-on-the-Physical-Nature-of-the-Atmospheric-Greenhouse-Effect-Deduced-from-an-Empirical-Planetary-Temperature-Model.pdf
30. Alex Newman; WND : World : Study blows ‘greenhouse theory out of the water’; 8 Jul 2017; https://www.wnd.com/2017/07/study-blows-greenhouse-theory-out-of-the-water/
31. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association: Tides & Currents: Water Levels by Tidal Station: 8575512 Annapolis, MD; 8413320 Bar Harbor, ME; 8510560 Montauk, NY; https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stations.html?type=Water+Levels
32. Oliva Rosane; ‘A Little Shocking’: Ocean Currents Are Speeding up Significantly, Study Finds; 6 Feb 2020; https://www.ecowatch.com/ocean-currents-speeding-up-2645050924.html
33. Dangendorf, S., Hendricks, N., Sun, Q. et al. Acceleration of U.S. Southeast and Gulf coast sea-level rise amplified by internal climate variability. Nat Commun 14, 1935 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37649-9
34. The Center for Science Education: How Melting Arctic Ice Affects Ocean Currents; https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/climate-change-impacts/melting-arctic-sea-ice-and-ocean-currents
35. Shijian et al.; “Deep-reaching acceleration of global mean ocean circulation over the past two decades”; https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/sciadv.aax7727
36. Chelsea Harvey; Scientific American : The world’s winds are speeding up; 19 Nov 2019 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-worlds-winds-are-speeding-up/
37. When iron transitions from a high-pressure hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure (stable in the inner core) to a lower-pressure body-centered cubic (BCC) or face-centered cubic (FCC) form (more stable in the mantle), heat is released.

    Why Heat is Released:
    Phase Transition and Latent Heat
    The HCP structure is denser and requires higher enthalpy to maintain under extreme pressure. When iron ascends to a region of lower pressure, the transition to a more open (lower-density) structure releases the latent heat of the phase change—similar to how freezing releases latent heat even as temperature drops.

    Gravitational Potential Energy
    Movement of iron from the dense core towards the mantle involves a change in gravitational potential. As the metal decompresses, part of the energy associated with its compressed state is liberated as thermal energy.

    Magneto-Crystalline and Electronic Effects
    At core pressures, iron’s electron spin states (high-spin vs. low-spin) are stabilized differently than at lower pressures. Shifts in these states can further release energy during decompression, adding to the net heat release.

    Magnitude of Heat
    This process is nontrivial. The latent heat of iron’s phase transitions under core conditions is significant (estimated at tens of kJ/mol). In the context of mantle-core mass transfer events (e.g., large-scale upwellings or core-mantle boundary instabilities), this can contribute meaningfully to localized thermal anomalies.

    Implication
    Such a mechanism could explain thermal pulses or hotspots (e.g., Large Igneous Province events) where metallic iron or Fe-rich compounds migrate upward, decompress, and release stored energy in the form of heat.

38. Top Panel: courtesy of the hard work and insight of Junho, @junhoBTC on X, and at Github: https://github.com/sovrynn/ecdo, replicating my ocean tide variance chart from Exhibit 4A, derived from 63 NOAA tide measurement stations.
39. Top Panel: courtesy of the hard work and insight of Junho, @junhoBTC on X, and at Github: https://github.com/sovrynn/ecdo, replicating my ocean tide variance chart from Exhibit 4A, derived from 63 NOAA tide measurement stations.
40. NASA issues warning after sudden change in the ocean surprises scientists: ‘Getting faster and faster’. Yahoo News. Published May 13, 2025. Accessed May 20, 2025. https://www.yahoo.com/news/nasa-issues-warning-sudden-change-103005029.html
41. Williams, E.R. (1992). “The Schumann resonance: a global tropical thermometer”. Science 256 (5060): 1184–1186. Bibcode: 1992 Sci…256.1184W. 10.1126/science.256.5060.1184. PMID 17795213
42. M. Sekiguchi, M. Hayakawa, et. al.; Evidence on a link between the intensity of Schumann resonance and global surface temperature; Ann. Geophys., 24, 1809–1817, 2006 http://www.ann-geophys.net/24/1809/2006/; European Geosciences Union 2006
43. Heartmath Institute: The Schumann Resonances are Not Increasing; 25 Apr 2017; https://www.diamondlightworld.net/blog/heartmath-institute-the-schumann-resonances-are-not-increasing
44. Kei Hirose – Tokyo Institute of Technology “The Structure of Iron in Earth’s Inner Core” Shigehiko Tateno, Kei Hirose, Yasuo Ohishi, and Yoshiyuki Tatsumi; Science 330 (6002), 359 – 361 (2010), published online 15 October 2010
45. Peter Dockrill; Nature: Earth’s Magnetic North Pole Keeps Moving Towards Siberia at a Mysteriously Fast Pace; 18 Dec 2019; https://www.sciencealert.com/earth-s-magnetic-north-pole-is-drifting-towards-siberia-at-a-mysteriously-rapid-pace
46. Elizabeth Howell; Space.com: Is Earth’s Magnetic Field Flipping Soon?; 30 Jan 2019; https://www.space.com/43173-earth-magnetic-field-flips-when.html
47. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association: Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles; https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/GeomagneticPoles.shtml
48. Andy May; Watts Up With That: Michael Mann’s 2008 Reconstruction; 11 Jan 2021; https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/01/11/michael-manns-2008-reconstruction/
49. ~ N. Schaeffer et al., “Turbulent geodynamo simulations: a leap towards Earth’s core”; Geophysical Journal International, 2017
50. Varnes, Carniello, et al.; Quantification of the Diminishing Earth’s Magnetic Dipole Intensity and Geomagnetic Activity as the Causal Source for Global Warming within the Oceans and Atmosphere; 2016, International Journal of Geosciences, 2016, 7, 78-90; https://www.scirp.org/pdf/IJG_2016012913291358.pdf
51. Wikipedia: Earth’s Rotation; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation#/media/File:Deviation_of_day_length_from_SI_day.svg
52. NASA Study Goes to Earth’s Core for Climate Insights; https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/earth20110309.html: “The researchers found that the uncorrected temperature data correlated strongly with data on movements of Earth’s core and Earth’s length of day until about 1930. They then began to diverge substantially: that is, global surface air temperatures continued to increase, but without corresponding changes in Earth’s length of day or movements of Earth’s core.”
53. Scientists at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory have found that the Earth’s inner core is rotating faster than the outer planetary body itself.
54. Richard Mackey, The Earth’s Decadal Rotation and Climate; Sci Clim Chan, Vol. 3.2 (2023), pp. 119-172; ISSN 2703-9072; https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/Mackey-2023-Decadal-Rotation-Climate.pdf
55. S. I. Braginsky, MAC-Oscillations of the Hidden Ocean of the Core, Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity, 1993, Volume 45, Issue 11-12, Pages 1517-1538, Released on J-STAGE August 23, 2011, Online ISSN 2185-5765, Print ISSN 0022-1392, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.45.1517, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgg1949/45/11-12/45_11-12_1517/_article/-char/en
56. Open Access Government: The Earth’s inner core is changing shape, study reveals, Feb 2025 Article; https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/the-earths-inner-core-is-changing-shape-study-reveals/188481/ summarizing: Vidale, J.E., Wang, W., Wang, R. et al. Annual-scale variability in both the rotation rate and near surface of Earth’s inner core. Nat. Geosci. 18, 267–272 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01642-2
57. Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory: Core Spins Faster Than Earth, Lamont Scientists Find; http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol22/vol22_iss1/Core_Spin.html
58. Journal Article,A Hansen, Samantha E. et al.; Globally distributed subducted materials along the Earth’s core-mantle boundary: Implications for ultralow velocity zones; 2023 Science Advances, eadd4838 V9 N14; doi:10.1126/sciadv.add4838; https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/sciadv.add4838 : Ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs) are the most anomalous structures within the Earth’s interior; however, given the wide range of associated characteristics (thickness and composition) reported by previous studies, the origins of ULVZs have been debated for decades. Using a recently developed seismic analysis approach, we find widespread, variable ULVZs along the core-mantle boundary (CMB) beneath a largely unsampled portion of the Southern Hemisphere. Our study region is not beneath current or recent subduction zones, but our mantle convection simulations demonstrate how heterogeneous accumulations of previously subducted materials could form on the CMB and explain our seismic observations. We further show that subducted materials can be globally distributed throughout the lowermost mantle with variable concentrations. These subducted materials, advected along the CMB, can provide an explanation for the distribution and range of reported ULVZ properties. Anomalies along Earth’s core can be explained by former oceanic seafloor that descended 3000 km to the base of the mantle.
59. Gaugne Gouranton, C., Panet, I., Greff-Lefftz, M., Mandea, M., & Rosat, S. (2025). GRACE detection of transient mass redistributions during a mineral phase transition in the deep mantle. Geophysical Research Letters, 52, e2025GL116408. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116408
60. Pang, G., Koper, K.D., Wu, SM. et al. Enhanced inner core fine-scale heterogeneity towards Earth’s centre. Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06213-2
61. Vidale, J.E., Wang, W., Wang, R. et al. Annual-scale variability in both the rotation rate and near surface of Earth’s inner core. Nat. Geosci. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01642-2
62. Gaugne Gouranton, C., Panet, I., Greff-Lefftz, M., Mandea, M., & Rosat, S. (2025). GRACE detection of transient mass redistributions during a mineral phase transition in the deep mantle. Geophysical Research Letters, 52, e2025GL116408. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116408
63. Li, M., McNamara, A.K., Garnero, E.J. et al. Compositionally-distinct ultra-low velocity zones on Earth’s core-mantle boundary. Nat Commun 8, 177 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00219-x
64. Latzko L. Earth’s Tilt Explained. Popular Mechanics. Published December 22, 2021. Accessed April 4, 2024. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a44882114/earths-tilt-explained/
65. Richard Mackey, The Earth’s Decadal Rotation and Climate; Sci Clim Chan, Vol. 3.2 (2023), pp. 119-172; ISSN 2703-9072; https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/Mackey-2023-Decadal-Rotation-Climate.pdf
66. Trevor Nace; Forbes: Earth’s Rotation Is Mysteriously Slowing Down: Experts Predict Uptick In 2018 Earthquakes; 20 Nov 2017; https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2017/11/20/earths-rotation-is-mysteriously-slowing-down-experts-predict-uptick-in-2018-earthquakes/?sh=40beb5386f24
67. Simone Pilia, Giampiero Iaffaldano, D. Rhodri Davies, Mohammad Ismaiel, Paolo A. Sossi, Scott Whattam, Dapeng Zhao, Hao Hu; Ghost plumes hidden beneath Earth’s continents, Earth and Planetary Science Letter, Volume 666, 2025, 119467, ISSN 0012-821X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119467; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X25002663
68. https://theethicalskeptic.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/July-2023-SST-Warming-Global.png
69. When iron transitions from a high-pressure hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure (stable in the inner core) to a lower-pressure body-centered cubic (BCC) or face-centered cubic (FCC) form (more stable in the mantle), heat is released.

    Why Heat is Released:
    Phase Transition and Latent Heat
    The HCP structure is denser and requires higher enthalpy to maintain under extreme pressure. When iron ascends to a region of lower pressure, the transition to a more open (lower-density) structure releases the latent heat of the phase change—similar to how freezing releases latent heat even as temperature drops.

    Gravitational Potential Energy
    Movement of iron from the dense core towards the mantle involves a change in gravitational potential. As the metal decompresses, part of the energy associated with its compressed state is liberated as thermal energy.

    Magneto-Crystalline and Electronic Effects
    At core pressures, iron’s electron spin states (high-spin vs. low-spin) are stabilized differently than at lower pressures. Shifts in these states can further release energy during decompression, adding to the net heat release.

    Magnitude of Heat
    This process is nontrivial. The latent heat of iron’s phase transitions under core conditions is significant (estimated at tens of kJ/mol). In the context of mantle-core mass transfer events (e.g., large-scale upwellings or core-mantle boundary instabilities), this can contribute meaningfully to localized thermal anomalies.

    Implication
    Such a mechanism could explain thermal pulses or hotspots (e.g., Large Igneous Province events) where metallic iron or Fe-rich compounds migrate upward, decompress, and release stored energy in the form of heat.

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81. Affected volume of ocean = 0.01 × 1.332×10⁹ km3 = 1.332 × 10⁷ km³ of ocean, or 1.332 × 10¹⁶ m³, or 1.37 × 10¹⁹ kg of ocean water. The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 4,186 joules per kilogram per degree Celsius. The density of seawater is approximately 1,025 kilograms per cubic meter. Thus the heat content change to achieve 0.4°C increase in temperature is Q = 1.37 × 10¹⁹ kg × 4,186 J/kg°C × 0.4°C = 2.29 × 10²² joules.
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119. Argo Float Data Query Tool: https://dataselection.euro-argo.eu/
120. The 2023 dataset displays a consistent up-tapering in the temperature gradient below 4500 meters, indicative of a net increase in ambient abyssal heat content. When conservatively modeled with an advection current velocity of 1.67 km/h and a hotspot-adjacent turnover frequency of 2.1 per cycle, the estimated thermal energy represented by this ΔT inflection easily satisfies the 6.34 × 10²² J anomaly associated with the 2023 SST spike. This observed thermal variance (0.32 ℃ equivalent), even at saddle points (non-hotspot zones), implies a revised average geothermal flux of at least 18.65 W/m²—more than twenty five time the 0.65 W/m² value traditionally assumed in climate models. These findings offer strong empirical support for exothermic core theory as a principal, if not dominant, contributor to short- and medium-term oceanic thermal anomalies, and they underscore a critical omission in current climate energy budget accounting.
121. Johnson, G. C., & Purkey, S. G. (2024). Refined estimates of global ocean deep and abyssal decadal warming trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL111229. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111229
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